mid tudor crisis- religious changes Flashcards
(15 cards)
key figures in persecution
Key Figures in Persecution
Stephen Gardiner – Key figure in the restoration of Catholicism; approved the persecution of Protestants. Tried to save Cranmer and others, though unsuccessfully. Sponsored heresy law bills in 1554.
Bishop Bonner – Reinstated by Mary I to enforce Catholicism; ordered the arrests of key Protestants (Cranmer, Latimer, Ridley, Bradford). Involved in the trials and executions of 200 martyrs, though initially reluctant to intensify persecutionThe actions of Pole
Cardinal Pole took energetic and positive steps to revive English Catholicism. He encouraged bishops to make regular visits to
their dioceses to check on the discipline of the clergy.
Pole also wanted to establish seminaries across England to train future priests, although these had made little impact by the
time of Mary’s death in 1558 – underfunding meant that only one was actually set up in York.
under edward- religious changes
legislation
Under edward- legislation
Repeal of treason act 1547, removed all previous heresy laws, this allowed free discussions of religion without fear of imprisonment
January 1552: Second Book of Common Prayer- Written by Cranmer- removed all traces of Catholicism and clearly established the Eucharist in terms of consubstantiation.
42 articles submitted by edward in 1552, highly protestant, protestant sacraments services in english, clergy could marry, ban on sinning masses for the dead. However, they kept some catholic practices such as holy days and clergy vestments.
western rebellion under edward
Western Rebellion:
In 1548, William Body, a local archdeacon and Protestant sympathiser, was murdered in Helston whilst supervising the destruction of images there.
In Devon the people were provoked into rebellion by their priest’s use of the new Prayer Book on Whitsunday, 1549.
However throughout the uprising they made it clear that the gentry were their enemies, and would chant: “Kill the gentlemen”
iconoclastic riots under edward
Iconoclastic riots:
Radical protestants in london, east anglia and lincolnshire- destroyed stained glass windows, statues and images.
In some cases they took gold and silver candlesticks, sold them and gave the profits to the poor.
Riots led by protestant refugees from other countries- and not from the english protestants therefore not a true reflection of how protestant england was.
19000 COPIES OF THE BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER WERE STILL IN CIRCULATION UNDER MARY.
mary religious changes, legislation
Mary religion:
Legislation passed
Under the return of the old heresy laws(1554), 289 protestants were burnt. 280 of them were in 46 months. Including ridley and latimer in 1555 and cranmer in 1556.
1554 royal injunctions, catholic practices return in england, 10-25% of priests were removed in 1554 for having been married
Unde the second act of repeal in 1554, it undid all the changes introduced by cromwell and henry in 1529.
marys parliament- religion
Parliament
Under marys first parliament only 80 out of 359 protested against her repeals act
Were heavily against teh return of church lands and the fines being imposed on people who failed to attend service.
In 3rd parliament successfully passes her heresy laws after being rejected under the second parliament. However because of her main religious changes looming, 106 MPs are absent in January.
repression under mary - shorter one
Repression :
Able to recruit laymen like the earl of derby and sir john tyrell to hunt heretics
John foxes book of martyrs suggests there was opposition to marys legislation against protestants. Firs of smithfield turned england protestant
Outside of london little opposition, cherry growers in kent would sell their cherries to people who were watching.
cardinal poles role - religion under mary
Cardinal pole:
Excited steps to get england to be more catholic, proposed that bishops should visit clergy their parishes to ensure practice of catholic ideals.
Wanted to build seminars to train future priests.
However most failed only 1 set up in york.
key individuals under edward- religion - somerset
Criteria: undermine, influence policy, and how much they further own agenda/ aims.
Someresets influence over Edwards policy :
- 1547 treason laws and the act of 6 articles was repealed. Monistic images were destroyed. Somerset was strongly protestant, change was quite slow indicates he heavily influenced edward as edward was highly protestant and would want the changes to be quick and radical.
- the 1547-49 campaign against images, included the royal injunctions which ordered the removal of superstitious images. Similar to exp above.
- However the 1547 chantries act gave all the monistic lands to the king and he had ownership of them until he died.
- Ultimately, it was actually pushing somersets agenda as the money raised from this change was used to finance the war with France
key individuals under edward- religion, corthumberland
Criteria: undermine, influence policy, and how much they further own agenda/ aims. Northumberlands influence over edwards policy:
When on trail under mary said he erred in faith over the past 16 years
Strengthened grip on power in 1551, further religious change took place- such as Bishop gardiner- being marginalised.
1552- second act of uniformity and new treason act introduced- reveal the challenges of imposing the new religion
Second prayer book 1552- 19000 COPIES IN CIRCULATION UNDER MARY
The proposed 42 articles by edward. Never passed.
influencing northumberlands decisions
What was influencing Northumberlands decisions:
Closer to edward
Felt that the future of religion in england lay with the protestants,appts JOHN HOPPER as the bishop of gloucester
1551, allowed edward to join in on privy council meetings, edward was still not allowed to make policy in foreign affairs. In 1552, it was announced Edward would come of age at 16 instead of 18.
Knew that radical religious policy would be preferred to edward and so sought measures to make his policy more radical to reflect this.
Somersets basis of his religious policy:
Somersets basis of his religious policy:
His initial policy was quite time to account for the fact that he was fearful of messing up his relations with King Charles V and also out of fears of retaliation from groups like scottish- and the 1549 rebellions.
Very few conservative bishops removed under his 3 years as lord protector
Initially associated himself with extreme reformists however because of the taime nature of his policy he lost allot of their support- reportedly John knox claimed he preferred watching the masons build his new house.
cardinal poles role under mary in religious changes, criteria and persecution of religious opps.
Influence of key individuals under mary- cardinal pole,
Can be assessed through how significant his policy was- how dramatic, how long term its impacts were and how much influence?
Persecution of religious opposition:
After Gardiner dies, Mary and Pole feel that they need to stop out heresy, do this by inputting executions. 274 people are executed, largest in any catholic country at the time
Gardiner played a leading role in restoring religious power in rome. He commissioned the bill for the reinstatement of the heresy laws which were ultimately rejected by marys 1st parliamen
cardinal poles role under mary in religious changes, criteria and cath education
Can be assessed through how significant his policy was- how dramatic, how long term its impacts were and how much influence? Catholic education
Pole highly supportive of educating priests, appointed capable and active bishops to take leading roles within the education programme
A 1555 the westminster synod, made up of world wide bishops who discuss the churches response to certain issues, agreed to the creation of seminars in every church district
HOWEVER, due to a lack of funding they were only able to pass/ make one in york. Therefore unsuccessful.
cardinal poles role under mary in religious changes, criteria and The restoration of monistic lands:
Can be assessed through how significant his policy was- how dramatic, how long term its impacts were and how much influence? The restoration of monistic lands:
The 1554 second statute of repeal returned the religious legislation to before the break from rome. This returned supremacy to the pope and removed the title of head of church from Mary . It also undid the dissolution of the monasteries
Pole funded the restoration of multiple abbeys, such as Westminster and Synod abbey.
However, because of parliament had to forgo her plans of a full scale restoration, and also could not take monistic land bought after 1536- Ultimately though she was still able to return 60,000 pounds worth of monistic lands to the crown.
