Middle ages Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
How long did the Medieval civilization last in Western Europe
A
About 1k years
2
Q
The Middle Ages is the period between what
A
The ancient and modern world
3
Q
Who overthrew Europe in 475 A.D that marked the beginning of this period
A
Germanic Barbarian tribes
4
Q
Western Europe was what
A
Illiterate and spiritually lost in early part of this period
5
Q
The Middle Ages created a combination of what 4 cultures/civilizations
A
Greeks, Romans, Germans, Christians
6
Q
Who were the franks
A
They were from what is modern day France, King merowig came from here
7
Q
Who was Clovis
A
The first Barbarian Germanic king to accept Christianity
8
Q
What happened in A.D 700 that Merowig Kings did
A
They lost interest in ruling and created the Mayor of the Palace, Major Domos, managers
9
Q
Who was Charles Martel
A
The first Mayor of the Palace, “savior of Christianity”
10
Q
What did Charles Martel do
A
He defeated the Muslim army at the battle of Tours ( Gaul ) the victory stopped Spanish Muslims ( moors ) invading Europe
11
Q
Because of the victory at battle of tours what happened
A
Christianity remained the dominant religion
12
Q
What does Charles Martel give the Catholic Church
A
The land called the Papal States ( Vatican ) as a gift for their support
13
Q
Who was pepin the short
A
He overthrew the Merovingian kings and starts line of Carolingian Kings ( Carol = Charles )
14
Q
Who was Charlemagne
A
Charles the great, a new Frankish king and the founder of Europe
15
Q
What were charlemagnes achievements
A
He doubles the size of holdings Defeats 5 of the 10 tribes Creates Frankish empire He is the first emperor to unite all of West. euro Creates new Christian Roman Empire
16
Q
Charlemagne was rewarded by the pope by being crowned what
A
The first Holy Roman emperor in a.d 800
17
Q
Charlemagne divides the kingdom into how many what
A
350 counties, officials known as counts chosen to help rule his empire
18
Q
Who were the missi dominici
A
Royal messengers who kept an eye on the counts for the emperor
19
Q
When does Charlemagne die
A
A.D 814
20
Q
Who was Charlemagnes son
A
Louis the pius, he wanted to be bishop and not rule, not a strong leader and dies
21
Q
What happens at Louis’ death
A
The 3 grandsons of Charlemagne split the empire into 3 parts (treaty of verdun )
22
Q
What happens to the empire
A
The empire collapses and leaves it ripe for invasion and chaos, disunity weakens empire
23
Q
Between 800 and 1000 A.D what 3 groups cause problems
A
Magyars, Vikings, and Muslims, this ushers in feudalism
24
Q
Who were the Vikings
A
Most destructive, came from Scandinavian countries, trading people, traded wherever they raided
25
What was another name for Vikings and where else did they come from
They were called Norsemen/Northmen and from Norway, Denmark, and Sweden kingdoms
26
The Vikings were what
Savage warriors who traveled on long boats, boats had paddles and shields on the side, most feared group in Europe, nowhere in Europe was safe
27
What did the Vikings do
Raided coastal towns of West. Euro
28
Where were some settlements of Vikings found
Iceland, Greenland, and coast of Great Britain, Normandy, and Kiev ( Russia )
29
Who were 4 famous Vikings
Ragnar Lodbrok, his son Bjornn Ironsides, Eric the red, and Leif erikson
30
What is Norse myth
Their religion
31
Who are 4 of their gods
```
Odin = chief of gods, like Zeus
Thor = god of thunder/battle
Loki= god of mischief, trickster
Freya = goddess of war
```
32
What is Valhalla
Heaven for the Vikings, a banquet hall
33
Who were the valkyries
They decided your fate, who would live and die in battle
34
What were sagas
Long epics, about history?
35
Raids of the Vikings what
Greatly weakened monarchs/kings and small isolated European communities
36
Nobles/local officials did what
Took over the defense of communities
37
They created what
Feudalism, a form of government which stressed alliances between monarchs and nobles based on land exchange for protection
38
Who were lords
Nobles who gave the land
39
Who were vassals
Those who received the land and provided protection
40
Who were serfs
People who worked on the land, peasants, could leave if wanted unlike slaves
41
Rank in power:
King and clergies
Nobles and lords
Knights and vassals
Peasants and serfs
42
Who were knights
Young nobles who had to prove themselves
43
What was homage
Ceremony where vassal would pledge loyalty to the lord
44
What was a fief
The land granted to the vassal
45
What was a manor
The lords estate
46
What were knights
Mounted warriors who protected the lord
47
What were castles
Fortified manors built for defense not comfort, built on a hill surrounded by a moat, cold dark and drafty
48
Who was the Lady or noblewoman
She had no rights and was married off on her 21st bday to a man of her fathers choosing
49
What was the lady’s responsibility
To have and raise children and was in charge of the household while the lord was gone
50
What were tournaments
Mock battles between knights, sword fights, jousting, hunting and falconry, archery, banquets, eating, and minstrel/jester performances
51
Who were troubadours
Traveling poets/musicians
52
What was the first stage of knights training
A page, at the age of 7 would learn manners, use of weapons, and horseback riding
53
What was the second stage of knights training
A squire, at 14, would assist a knight and protect them in battle
54
What was the third stage of training for a knight
A knight, after proving self in battle would have a ceremony called knighthood
55
What was chivalry
A knights code of conduct and strictly followed
56
What were knights supposed to be/do
```
Brave
Fight fairly
Keep his word
Defend the church
Defend & treat ladies well
Pay ransom for Lord if captured
```
57
The MA’s were a time of what
Constant warfare and disease
58
Many holidays were invented by create what
By the church to create truces
59
What was the Peace of God
Pax Dei, was, peasants, women, kids, and clergies were not to be harmed
60
What was the Truce of God
Trenga Dei, was, no fighting non holidays and Sundays
61
The church became what
A sanctuary, protection for many during wars
62
The church was what
Roman Catholic
63
Who were clergies
Mediators between God & men, church officials
64
What was a secular clergy
Lived among the people in the world, priests and bishops
65
What was a regular clergy
Monks and nuns, they lived in monasteries & convents, took vows, lived separate from the world, spent time in prayer and reading/copying from Bible, most educated/scholars
66
What were the 7 sacraments
Baptism
Confirmation ( coming of age at 12, responsible for self )
Marriage
Penance/confession for every sin
Eucharist/communion
Taking care of the sick
Holy orders towards deacons & elders of church
67
Canon law was what
Church law, made church more powerful than civil law
68
Pope was what
The archbishop of Rome, vicar of Christ, representative of Christ
69
Who were cardinals
Advisors of Pope
70
Who were archbishops
Bishop of archdioceses ( major cities )
71
Bishops were what
Over a single diocese ( district under pastoral care )
72
Priests were what
Over a single parish ( church )
73
What was Lay-investiture
Appointment of religious officials such as bishops by secular subjects, monarchs, pope didn’t like this
74
Power struggle between who happened in 1076 a.d
King Henry the fourth and Pope Gregory the twelfth
75
Popes ended up having more what than who
More civil power than monarchs and kings after this, church becomes more powerful
76
Excommunication happened with who
King Henry the ninth, begs pope to take it away
77
What was the weapon used by church
Excommunication, banned from church
78
What is an interdict
The kingdom banished from the church
79
What is ignorance
The Bible was illegal to have in homes and kept in Latin so people could remain ignorant about the churches rules
80
Religion and church was what
The unifying force during MA
81
The Roman Catholic Church became very what
Powerful, worldly, corrupt
82
What is Simony
Buying and selling of church offices
83
The clergies had what
Brothels
84
What was indulgences
Buying forgiveness of sins
85
What were pagan holidays
Easter/Christmas, Sunday, etc
86
What is the Great Schism
In 1054 the division of the church because of multiple popes, who has the leadership
87
The RCC had what
| The Easten Orthodox Church had what
Popes
| Patriarchs
88
What is the bubonic plague
The Black Death from 1347-1352, started in Asia and swept across Europe, killed between 1/3 and 1/2 of population, carried by fleas on rats
89
How did you get the Black Plague
Poor hygiene, people were quarantined
90
What were results of the plague
Peasants labor became more valuable, they had more rights
91
What is the legend of King Arthur
It is British, a Christian allegory,
92
Who was Arthur’s father
King Uther Pendragon
93
Who is Merlin
Magician, close advisor of Arthur and his father
94
Arthur was raised by who
Sir Ector, his step father basically until he was 15
95
Who is Arthur’s step brother
Sir Kay
96
What is the sword in the stone
It was taken out by Arthur at a tournament when he lost his knights sword, it breaks and he gets new sword from Avalon
97
Who is the lady of the lake
They give Arthur a new sword and they are the ruler of Avalon/underworld
98
What is Excalibur
Arthur’s new sword to defeat Mordred, only pure of heart can wield it
99
Arthur does what
Unites England and builds kingdom of Camelot and marries Guinevere
100
Guineveres father gives what to Arthur
The round table as part of her dowry
101
All of Arthur’s 12 knights do what
Sit at the table where everyone is equal to the king
102
Who were 3 major knights at the table
Lancelot = greatest and first knight
Gawain
Galahad
103
What is Camelot
A place of peace, justice, happiness, and love,
| Heaven on earth
104
What is the holy grail
The cup Christ drank out of at the last supper
105
What is the betrayal of Arthur
Lancelot and Guinevere fall in love and are caught kissing, to be executed, spared at the last minute
106
Who is Morgana
Arthur’s half sister, a witch and a villain
107
What does Morgana do and what is the result of it
She disguised herself as Guinevere and has son Mordred with Arthur
108
What happens to mordred and Morgana
They plot to take Camelot
109
What does Arthur do
He kills mordred, is wounded, forgives Lancelot and Guinevere and dies
110
Lady of the Lake takes Arthur to where
Avalon/underworld
111
Who does Arthur, Lancelot, Guinevere, Mordred, Merlin, and the knights represent in the story
```
God
Adam
Eve
Satan
Holy Spirit
12 disciples
```
112
What are the crusades
Lasted from 1095-1270 and meant going to the cross, wars between Christians and Muslims fought around Holy Land
113
Who were crusaders
They wore the cross and fought around Jerusalem
114
Why the holy land?
The Jews = Solomon’s temple, wailing wall
The Christians = birthplace of Christianity
The Muslims = dome of the rock
115
How many crusades were there and how many were successful
9, and one
116
What is the history of the holy land
In A.D 638, it’s taken over by the Arab Muslims and renamed Palestine
117
What happened during the period of religious toleration
All religions were welcomed and could take pilgrimage
118
what happened in 1070
The holy land is taken by the Seljuk Turks ( Muslims from turkey ), no more religious toleration
119
What did the Seljuk Turks do
Massacre 3k Christians which sparks the crusades, Christian pilgrimage stops
120
What did the crusaders believe
They must take back the holy land and have it under control for Jesus to come back
121
Who is Urban the second and what does he do
He is a pope who calls all Christians to reclaim holy land in 1095
122
What is the battle cry of the crusaders
God Wills It
123
What is the motive for going to fight
Promise of salvation
124
Who led the crusades
Alexius the first, emperor of Byzantine
125
Who is Saladin
He retook Holy Land from Christians in A.D 1187, Muslim crusader
126
The holy land remained in the hands of Muslims until when
1948 and and Holy Land called Israel, given back after Holocaust
127
In A.D 1212 what happened
The children’s crusade, 50k kids led by Nicholas ( 12 ), never got there, europe to Middle East, put into slavery
128
What are major results of the crusades
Byzantine empire falls to Ottoman Turks
Muslims control holy land for next 700 years
Created division between Christians and Muslims that lasts to this day
129
What things brought an end to the MA
```
Crusades
Black Plague
Development of printing press
Development of gun powder & canon
Decline in power of Catholic Church
The renaissance
```
130
What is a coat of arms
A family crest, used to identify knights in battle
