Midterm 1 Questions

Question 1

Are prehensile tails a characteristic of Prosimians, New World, or Old World primates?

Answer 1

New World

Question 2

Includes Cebus: a characteristic of Prosimians, New World, or Old World primates?

Answer 2

NW

Question 3

Are largest brains a characteristic of Prosimians, New World, or Old World primates?

Answer 3

Old World

Question 4

Are “many nocturnal” a characteristic of Prosimians, New World, or Old World primates?

Answer 4

Prosimians

Question 5

Are tethered lips, restricted facial expressions a characteristic of Prosimians, New World, or Old World primates?

Answer 5

Prosimians

Question 6

Is “most dependent on smell” a characteristic of Prosimians, New World, or Old World primates?

Answer 6

Prosimians

Question 7

Are longest, dependent young a characteristic of Prosimians, New World, or Old World primates?

Answer 7

Old World

Question 8

Are “includes apes” a characteristic of Prosimians, New World, or Old World primates?

Answer 8

Old World

Question 9

Are “smallest brains” a characteristic of Prosimians, New World, or Old World primates?

Answer 9

Prosimians

Question 10

Are “best digit mobility” a characteristic of Prosimians, New World, or Old World primates?

Answer 10

OW

Question 11

Are “most closely related to humans” a characteristic of Prosimians, New World, or Old World primates?

Answer 11

Old World

Question 12

Are “some riverine species” a characteristic of Mysticeti or Odontoceti?

Answer 12

O

Question 13

Are “have baleen” a characteristic of Mysticeti or Odontoceti?

Answer 13

mysticeti

Question 14

Are “have teeth” a characteristic of Mysticeti or Odontoceti?

Answer 14

Odontoceti

Question 15

Are “Includes Sperm Whale” a characteristic of Mysticeti or Odontoceti?

Answer 15

Odontoceti

Question 16

Are “includes Killer Whale” a characteristic of Mysticeti or Odontoceti?

Answer 16

Odontoceti

Question 17

Are “many are ‘grazers’” a characteristic of Mysticeti or Odontoceti?

Answer 17

Mysticeti

Question 18

Are “includes the largest brains” a characteristic of Mysticeti or Odontoceti?

Answer 18

O

Question 19

Are “includes the Blue Whale” a characteristic of Mysticeti or Odontoceti?

Answer 19

M

Question 20

Are wet noses a characteristic of Prosimians, New World, or Old World primates?

Answer 20

Prosimians

Question 21

Are “includes the most primitive species” a characteristic of Mysticeti or Odontoceti?

Answer 21

Odontoceti

Question 22

Is “hunt individual prey, often cooperatively” a characteristic of Mysticeti or Odontoceti?

Answer 22

odontoceti

Question 23

Which mysticete produces the most complex songs?

Answer 23

humpback whale

Question 24

What are the implications for cognition in a creature who has ischial callosities?

Answer 24

With the ischial callosities, the create has butt pads and the ability to sit up and free hands to interaction with the environment around them

Question 25

What diet is associated with longer gut-length and relatively smaller brains?

Answer 25

follivore

Question 26

which Ape species is the exception to the "longer gut length and relatively smaller brains rule" and how do their food processing techniques vary from the above?

Answer 26

gorillas; do complex bimanual processing of otherwise difficult to access plants

Question 27

Which better describes dolphin brain development at birth--altricial or precocial?

Answer 27

precocial

Question 28

What is the prolonged dependence of the young, in both primates and cetaceans, generally considered an indicator of intelligence?

Answer 28

prolonged dependence of young suggest that there is longer time to develop needed to be an adult and function, more cognitive implications, more time with mother to learn

Question 29

Which species has a larger sheet of, and thus more convoluted, cortex, --bottlenose dolphin --or--human?

Answer 29

bottlenose dolphin

Question 30

How does visual cross over compare in primates vs. cetaceans?

Answer 30

Cetaceans have complete visual crossover. Primates have the left visual field of both eyes cross over to the right brain and the right visual field cross over to the left brain.

Question 31

Compared to rodents, many of whom have dexterous hands and good vision, how does the pertinent sensory-motor coordination in primates differ?

Answer 31

Primates have the ability to see their hands, allowing for hand eye coordination, allowing for good motor-visual capabilities with teh world around them.

Question 32

Describe where A1 (the primary projection area for audition) is located in the dolphin cortex?

Answer 32

A1 is located very close to the S1 and V1 on the top of the rain with sulcus after sulcus of cortical learning.

Question 33

Which has larger absolute brain size sperm whale or humpback whale?

Answer 33

sperm whale

Question 34

Which has a larger absolute brain size chimpanzee or cebus?

Answer 34

chimpanzee

Question 35

Which has a larger absolute brain size bottlenose dolphin or human

Answer 35

bottlenose dolphin

Question 36

Who has a larger relative brain size (EQ) bottlenose dolphin or human

Answer 36

human

Question 37

Which has a larger relative brain size (EQ) bottlenose dolphin or killer whale?

Answer 37

bottlenose dolphin

Question 38

Which has a larger relative brain size (EQ) chimpanzee or cebus

Answer 38

chimpanzee

Question 39

Which has a larger relative brain size (EQ) ring tailed lemur or cat?

Answer 39

ring-tailed lemur

Question 40

Which has a larger relative brain size (EQ) sperm whale or chimpanzee?

Answer 40

chimpanzee

Question 41

Does the following tend to be larger in dolphins or apes? cerebellum

Answer 41

dolphins

Question 42

Does the following tend to be larger in dolphins or apes? hippocampus

Answer 42

apes

Question 43

Does the following tend to be larger in dolphins or apes? olfactory bulb

Answer 43

apes

Question 44

Does the following tend to be larger in dolphins or apes? vestibular system

Answer 44

apes

Question 45

Does the following tend to be larger in dolphins or apes? corpus callosum

Answer 45

apes

Question 46

Does the following tend to be larger in dolphins or apes? amygdala

Answer 46

dolphins

Question 47

Does the following tend to be larger in dolphins or apes? inferior colliculus

Answer 47

dolphins

Question 48

Does the following tend to be larger in dolphins or apes? medulla

Answer 48

dolphins

Question 49

Does the following tend to be larger in dolphins or apes? superior colliculus

Answer 49

dolphins

Question 50

In primates, what system of cells found in premotor and posterior parietal cortex, is involved in the translation between visual input and motor output?

Answer 50

mirror cell system: coactivation of (F5) & parietal cortex

Question 51

Which two parts of a primate's body are mapped onto the most disproportionately large areas of its somatosensory cortex?

Answer 51

hands and mouth, very high acuity of both regions

Question 52

In cetaceans, a mammalian-atypical cortical area responds equally well to what 2 kinds of sensory stimulation?

Answer 52

audition, tactic

Question 53

Give the types of receptors in its retina, is dolphin vision best for color and detail or motion and contrast? What part of the retina is missing in dolphins that may, in part, account

Answer 53

motion and contrast; fovea

Question 54

List three areas of the primate (and presumably the cetacean brain) that are implicated in processing and assessing social stimuli.

Answer 54

1. anterior cingulate cortex 2. orbitofrontal cortex 3. amygdala

Question 55

According to the Marino reading, what brain data indicate that Odontocetes have a Dual Processing System for sound?

Answer 55

The brain stem is incredibly large and the cortex for odontocetes is very convoluted. Data found from studying these brain structures suggest that the brain stem is most involved with clicks and understand the broadband frequency of those clicks (echolocation) wile the cortex is responsible for making sense of clicks in some sort of higher order processing, similar to a language.

Question 56

According to Ghanzafar and Santos, while looking at an image of another primate, what part of the animal does a primate examine most?

Answer 56

eyes

Question 57

How is sleep in dolphins unique and the significant reduction of what brain structure may be responsible for this?

Answer 57

Dolphins have no REM sleep. One hemisphere is always awake at all times to keep them from drowning. The significant reduction of the corpus callosum is responsible for this.

Question 58

What two areas of the brain do the "long distance" Von Economo cells tend to link in both primates and cetaceans?

Answer 58

anterior cingulate cortex and frontal insula

Question 59

As described in the Pack reading, when one dolphin listens in to the echoes of another, its discrimination abilities are _________ compared to when it produces the echolocation itself.

Answer 59

not as good; can only match on gross features

Question 60

Briefly describe how one type of information that can be carried by the relative amplitude of an echo during echolocation.

Answer 60

Amplitude can relate to the distance of the object that is being echolocated. Amplitude can increase as distance decreases.

Question 61

the finding of the dolphin's "ability to report whether a referenced object was present or absent in the dolphin's tank" can be considered evidence for _____

Answer 61

object permanence

Question 62

requires task specific selective attention to one particular feature of a stimulus

Answer 62

Weigl Principle

Question 63

requires an inference regarding the range of possible events based on limited sensory access

Answer 63

invisible displacement

Question 64

requires a subject to manipulate at least two objects

Answer 64

tertiary relations

Question 65

requires a translation from one perceptual representation to another

Answer 65

cross modal mathing

Question 66

Under what conditions do number-trained chimpanzees fail on the "Greedy Giveaway Task?"

Answer 66

If they are only given the pile of M &Ms and not a numerical symbol with the pile

Question 67

Under what conditions do number trained chimpanzees succeed on the "Greedy Giveaway Task?"

Answer 67

if they are given a numerical symbol with/without the pile

Question 68

Briefly describe an experiment done with dolphins that originally failed when the stimuli were not ecologically valid and how that experiment was chagned in a way that enabled them to succeed.

Answer 68

A MTS task was given to dolphins involving 2-D static stimuli. The researchers did not account that dolphins are best at visual motion and the dolphins failed. Once 3-D visually moving stimuli were given, the dolphins succeeded. The latter was more ecologically valid because it considered how dolphins processed information in relation to the task, suggesting real world applicability.

Question 69

Explain echolocation in cetaceans.

Answer 69

Echolocation is initiated in the NASAL PASSAGES where vibratory structures known as RABBIT EARS or DORSAL BURSAE that are contiguous with the MELON, make plosive sputters called BURST PULSES Each of these sounds which include a WIDE range of frequencies, EXIT the dolphin's FOREHEAD through the MELON, which acts as a kind of lens to focus the outgoing beam of sound. The lens is made of FAT which provides an impedence MATCH to seawater, so that LITTLE OF energy is lost when the sounds cross from the animal into the environment. A set of such sounds--called CLICKS--are produced in sequence to travel to and back from targets in the environment.