Primates and Cetaceans Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
What is ethology?
A
the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionary adaptive trait
2
Q
How many species are there of primates?
A
80
3
Q
What are the key cognitive features that characterize most primates?
A
- Large Brains
- Hand-eye coordination
- Few Long-Dependent Young
- High Social
- Playful
4
Q
What are the two major divisions of primates?
A
Prosimians and Anthropoids
5
Q
True/False: Prosimians do not have opposable thumbs.
A
FALSE; All primates have opposable thumbs
6
Q
True/False: Anthropoids are the closest to the original, ancestral primates.
A
FALSE; prosimians are the closest to ancestral
7
Q
Where are the prosimians found?
A
Madagascar, Australia, and Africa
8
Q
What facial features do prosimians have?
A
projecting snout, wet noses, tethered lips
9
Q
What is the latin name for the gorilla?
A
Gorilla gorilla (ITALICIZED)
10
Q
What do the prosimians’ facial features mean about their behavior?
A
wet noses = depend more on smell than NHPs
tethered lips = less facial expression than other NHPs
11
Q
True/False: Prosimians are smaller brained than other primates.
A
TRUE
12
Q
Describe the behavior and sleeping patterns of prosimians.
A
Some are social others are relatively solitary, and most of these are nocturnal
13
Q
What do prosimians eat?
A
insects; they are insectivores
14
Q
What are anthropoids sometimes called?
A
True monkeys
15
Q
(True/False) Anthropoids are not social at all.
A
FALSE; most are highly social
16
Q
What are the two major divisions of the of the Anthropoids?
A
- New World Monkeys
2. Old World Monkeys and Apes
17
Q
What are the physical features of anthropoids?
A
flat aces, dry noses, and more dexterous hands
18
Q
Where are the New World Monkeys typically found?
A
Mexico, Central and South America
19
Q
What is a unique tail trait that New World monkeys have?
A
Prehensile tails; hook grip and capable of grasping
20
Q
True/False: All New World monkeys are diurnal (active during the day).
A
TRUE; except for owl monkey
21
Q
True/False: No New World monkeys are arboreal.
A
False; All New World monkeys are arboreal.
22
Q
What is unique about the Capuchin monkeys?
A
- largest relative brain size (per body weight) of any New World Monkey
- only NWM that regularly uses tools
- forms social coalitions and other complex social relationships
- Best NW dexterity
23
Q
What do capuchins eat?
A
patchy, ripe fruit; places higher cognitive demands than all-leaf diet
24
Q
What niches are New World Monkeys found in?
A
variety of niches: follivory, frugivory, insectivory, etc.
25
What is the latin name for Capuchins?
Cebus (italicized)
26
Which Anthropoid division do humans belong in?
Old World Monkeys and Apes
27
Where are the OWMs found?
Africa, Asia (Humans are everywhere)
28
What are ischial callosities and why are they important?
butt pads that OWMs have; allows them to sit up and use hands
29
True/False: OWMs have better opposability and better precision grip than NWMs.
TRUE
30
What physical feature distinguishes OWMs?
long nostrils; malleable faces
31
Where do OWMs live?
many arboreal, some terrestrial
32
What characteristics distinguish the Hominoids or the lesser and Great Apes?
1. largest brains
2. large bodies
3. no tails
33
What is the latin name for Orangutans?
Pongo pygmaeus (ITALICIZED)
34
What is the latin name for chimps?
Pan troglodytes (ITALICIZED)
35
What is the latin name for bonobos?
Pan paniscus (ITALICIZED)
36
What are examples of lesser apes?
gibbons and siamangs
37
What are characteristics of lesser apes?
monogamous, canopy dwellers
38
What are characteristics of Pongids (Great Apes)?
1. larger-bodied, larger brains than Lesser Apes, some species sexually dimorp[hic
2. longest-dependent young, nurse 4-6 years
3. these apes most closely related to humans
39
Which has the bigger brain, monkeys or prosimians?
monkeys
40
What are two special qualities that primates have?
bipedal, opposable thumbs
41
What is the primary primate sensory modality?
vision
42
What type of eye do primates have? What makes this different?
forward facing eye; different because other species can have lateral eyes
43
Why is depth perception important for primates?
navigating environment and identifying and manipulating objects
44
Who has the largest EQ: Ape, Monkey, or Prosimian?
Ape
45
What is encephalization quotient (EQ)?
brain to body ratio
46
Who is most closely related to humans: ape, monkey, or prosimian?
Ape
47
Who is most similar to the original ancestral primate: ape, monkey, or prosimian?
Prosimians
48
What type of primate is a pygmy marmoset?
monkey
49
Where are pygmy marmosets from?
New World
50
What is the social structure of pygmy marmosets?
monogamous, nuclear families
51
How many offspring do pygmy marmosets tend to have?
often have twins
52
What type of primate are spider monkeys?
monkeys
53
Where are spider monkeys from?
New World
54
How is the spider monkey's tail different from the other primates?
prehensile; furlous pad on the bottom of tail for hanging off branches
55
What is the spider monkey's social structure?
split off into little groups and come back together; keep track of everyone; fission fusion
56
What type of primate is a guenon?
monkey
57
Vervets are also a type of guenon--what do we know about them?
alarm calls, different ones for different predators
58
Vervets live on the African savannah--do the other guenons?
live lots of different environments: jungles, forest, swamps
59
How might where they live make the vervets' behavior differ?
different places, different predators, different calls, different diets
60
What type of primate are mangabeys?
Monkey
61
What micro-habitat do mangabeys inhabit?
canopy
62
How does the mangabey tail help in their habitat?
balance, swing between branches
63
What is the function of the Mangabeys' ischial callosities?
frees hands, allows them to sit up
64
What is the Black Mangabey's claim to fame?
vocalization, "woop gobble"
65
What type of primate is a mandrill?
monkey
66
What use do Mandrills make of color?
social standing, show of strength and sexual signals
67
What hint does the Mandrill's appearance give to their social structure?
size shows whether male or female
68
How does the mandrill's social structure differ from that seen in Olive baboons?
olive baboons don't have harem-like social structure
69
Which is more likely to show reciprocity: Mandrills or Olive baboons?
Olive baboons
70
What character from "The Lion King" is a mandrill?
RAFIKI
71
What type of primate is the Francois Langur?
Monkey
72
Where are the Francoi Langur from?
Vietnam, China, (Old World)
73
What is the Francois Langurs's primary food?
follivorous (herbivore, eats leaves)
74
What are some possible cognitive implications of the Francois Langur's diet?
follivorous: less cognitive abilities, long gut, small brain
75
What type of primates are the orangutans?
Ape
76
What does the orangutan's name mean?
man of the forest
77
What is the organutans' social structure in the wild?
harem; sexual dimorphism
78
What do we know about their cognitive abilities?
great imitators
79
_____ is a famous orangutan involved in what kind of research?
Chantek; sign language studies
80
What type of primate is a gorilla?
ape
81
What is the gorilla's social structure
harem, silverback = dominant male in group w/ multiple females
82
Is the gorilla's diet frugivorous or follivorous?
follivorous
83
______ is a famous gorilla involved in what cognitive research?
Koko; sign language
84
What type or primate is the black and white colobus?
monkey
85
Is the black and white colobus' diet more frugivorous or follivorous?
follivorous
86
Red Colobus' are sometimes cooperatively hunted by whom?
male chimpanzees
87
What type of primate are bonobos?
apes
88
What is the bonobos' social structure?
alpha female anchors a bonobo group; multi male, multi female (males and females abou t the same size)
89
What physiological feature distinguishes Bonobos?
female sexual swellings; prominent t/o hormonal cycle, all month long
90
How do the female sexual swellings impact the bonobos' social structure?
males and females always together, always social, can have reproductive sex
91
How does the female sexual swelling impact the bonobos' use of eye gaze?
male face to face; eye gaze is bonding, connection thing
92
______ is a famous bonobo involved in what cognitive research?
Kanzi; comprehend some English (spoken and keyboard studies)
93
What type of primate is the lion tail macaques?
Monkey
94
Where are Macaques from?
Asia and Africa (Old World, India)
95
To what medical term do Rhesus lend their name?
Rh blood factor
96
Which macaque is most despotic and which is most egalitarian?
Rhesus = despotic
| stump tailed = egalitarian
97
____ is a famous Macaque (Japanese, not Lion-tail) involved in what cognitive research
Imo; she started washing her potatoes; behavior started passing on except for old males, example of culture
98
What type of primate is the Gibbon?
lesser ape
99
What is the Gibbons' primary mode of locomotion called?
brachiation; arm swinging, arboreal locomotion
100
What is the Gibbon's social structure?
monogamous, bonded in pairs
101
How is the gibbon's social structure reflected in their localizations?
very loud calls to claim territory, duet during courtship to defend territory
102
What type of primate is the Cebus Monkey?
monkey
103
What type of primate is the slow loris?
prosimian
104
Describe the "two headed display" of the cebus monkey and its implications?
one will get on top of another and gie angry faces to scare off predators
105
How did the Cebus monkey earn their nickname?
"ape of the new world"; smartest New World monkeys with highest brain to body ratio
106
How does the Cebus' monkey object use differ from most other monkeys?
only New World tool user, i.e. rocks to attack nuts
107
Why is the slow loris sleeping?
nocturnal
108
In what ways are the slow loris's associated with hunting?
orangutans hunt them for food
109
What is unique about the congitive mapping in primate's brains?
can develop entirely visually; i.e. through visual simulation
110
Primates have ____ _____ for food finding and reading facial expressions
high acuity
111
Primates have the ability to see _____ which is important to see ripe fruit and understand social signals
color
112
Primates have sophisticated visual representational abilities including ______ _____
face perception
113
Why is face perception important to have for primates?
abilitiy to recognize individuals and see head/eye direction
114
True / False : Primates have a small sensorimotor cortex
FALSE; have a large
115
Why is having good motor feedback in control important for primates?
good for manipulating food and social interaction, allow for facial expressions
116
Who has more face musculature, apes or prosimians?
apes, prosimians have tethered lips which restrict
117
The primates' ______ and ______ are richly enervated for articulate action
mouth and face
118
Primates have a(n) ______ vestibular system for _____ and _____
excellent vestibular system for balance and movement
119
True/False: Primates have excellent Olfaction
FALSE
120
Olfaction in primates is heavily linked to _____ and ______
emotion and motivation
121
_____ % of the primates' somatosensory cortex is dedicated to hands, the rest is to the mouth
20
122
Where is touch sensitivity most sensitive on a primate's body?
hands and tongue
123
What was the importance of truncal uprightness for primates?
allowed to climb, swing from trees, led to freeing of hands and bipedalism
124
What is the primates' hand activity organized around?
objects
125
What is important about hand-eye coordination in primates?
ability to see hands is well developed to maneuver through and manipulate environment
126
Which species has the largest relative brain size of all New World monkeys?
cebus
127
For cetaceans, the world is represented in ____ while for primates it's in ______
sounds, vision
128
What key cognitive features characterize cetaceans?
highly social, large brains, acoustic, few long-dependent young, playful, collaborative
129
Cetaceans can nurse from ______ years
2 to 5
130
Some cetaceans do not reach sexual maturity until ______ years old
10 to 12
131
Where are cetaceans raised?
multi age schools: lots to learn, many to learn from
132
True/False: Cetaceans have the largest brains on the planet
TRUE
133
True/False: Cetaceans are mammals.
TRUE
134
What are some characteristics of mammals?
warm-blooded, breathe air, nurse young
135
Cetaceans have ____ offspring at a time
1
136
What are some characteristics of the cetacean brain?
- huge cerebellum
- expansive, convoluted cortex
- well developed social areas
- wired for sounds
137
True/False: Cetaceans evolved from another primitive sea animal
FALSE; evolved from land animals: two toed, hoofed predators
138
What are the two different groups of cetaceans?
odontocetes and mysticetes
139
TRUE/FALSE: Some cetaceans eat meat, some cetaceans eat plants in the sea.
FALSE; cetaceans = carnivorous creatures, predators
140
What are some characteristics of odontocetes?
small brain
complex sound system
large teeth
141
When did Mysticetes branch off from Ondotocetes? Why do we think this?
~35MYA
Mysticete fetus has then loses teeth
142
What do mysticetes have instead of teeth?
filters
143
How do mysticetes eat?
strain seawater, catch small crustaceans, small fish, squid, krill, etc.
144
What are some characteristics of mysticetes?
- very large bodies
- all marine
- have two nares (each with its own nasal plugs)
145
What are the variable feeding strategies of mysticetes and give an example of each.
1. Roquals (Humpack Whales) = Gulpers, throat sacks expand like an accordion
2. Skimmers (Right and Bowhead Whales) = open mouth slightly as swim along "grazing"
3. Bottom feeders (Grey Whale) stir up bottom and sift out water and sand
146
Which have better sound production/reception, mysticetes or odontocetes?
odonotocetes
147
Which are bigger, mysticetes or odontocetes?
odontocetes are generally smaller
148
What is the only giant odonotocete?
Sperm Whale (Moby Dick)
149
Mysticetes emit and are most sensitive to _______ frequency sounds
low
150
How do odontocetes eat?
hunters, opportunistic feeders,. hunt cooperatively
151
What is the latin name for bottlenose dolphin?
Tursiops truncatus (Atlantic) and T. aduncus (indian ocean)
*ITALICIZED*
152
What is the Beluga Whale's latin name?
Delphinaperterus leucas
*ITALICIZED*
153
What is the latin name for the sperm whale?
Physeter catodon
*ITALICIZED*
154
Echolocation allows odontocetes to discriminate what?
size, distant, content, shape, material, of targets
155
What are some other perceptual motor constraints of cetaceans?
somatosensory can be very sensitive, tacto-acoustics, vision quite good but no fovea, no color, sensitive to motion, high contract
156
True/False: Cetaceans rely on smell to find prey
FALSE; Olfaction absent in cetaceans but do have minimal taste receptors
157
What are some examples of cetaceans' limited body language?
can expose teeth/not, can tilt exposing light underside, dolphins can do aggressive S posture with body, jaw snap, wiggle when play
158
True/False: The skeletal hands of cetaceans are 5 fingered.
TRUE
159
What are examples of Great Apes?
human, bonobo, chimp, gorilla, orangutan
160
What is an example of a lesser ape?
gibbon
161
Baleen Whales have ____ blowhole(s)
2
162
Odonotocetes have _____ blowhole(s)
1
163
What are some interesting social behaviors of the humpback whale?
1. social displays, like breaching
| 2. males produce elaborate songs that change each season (hangs down head while singing)
164
What is the latin name for Pacific Ocean Bottlenose Dolphin?
Tursiops gilli
