MIDTERM

Question 1

What is the “Key Nutritional Factor” in therapeutic nutrition?
1. the most expensive ingredient
2. an antioxidant
3. an aspect of the diet that is manipulated to manage a specific disease process
4. an essential amino acid

Answer 1

3. an aspect of the diet that is manipulated to manage a specific disease process

Question 2

Key Nutritional Factor for managing Canine Cognitive Dysfunction
1. L-carnitine
2. all choices are correct
3. DHA & EPA Fatty Acids
4. selenium

Answer 2

2. all choices are correct

Question 3

Soluble fiber
1. encourages the growth of pathogenic bacteria
2. adds bulk and firmness to stools
3. is a cheap “filler” found in poor quality pet foods
4. is fermented into short-chain fatty acids that feed colonic endothelium

Answer 3

4. is fermented into short-chain fatty acids that feed colonic endothelium

Question 4

If a urinalysis reveals a specific type of crystal in the urine, why might a urolith in the same patient reveal a different composition?
1. crystals may not be present in the patient, but an artifact of refrigeration
2. urine environment may change rapidly with diet, infection or metabolic disease
3. a urolith may have a center of one crystal matrix and a shell of a different composition
4. all choices are correct

Answer 4

4. all choices are correct

Question 4

When monitoring a animal’s gastrointestinal health, a technician should note and record
1. fecal consistency
2. defecation effort
3. all choices are correct
4. fecal frequency and volume

Answer 4

3. all choices are correct

Question 5

Cartilage damage of Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD) is caused by
1. calcium
2. synovium
3. aggrecanases
4. ascorbic acid

Answer 5

3. aggrecanases

Question 6

T/F: Overweight dogs show radiographic signs of DJD six years earlier than ideal weight dogs.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

The goal(s) of managing struvite uroliths in the cat is/are
1. dilute urine (<1.030)
2. acidic urine pH
3. low magnesium and phosphorus in diet
4. all choices are correct

Answer 7

4. all choices are correct

Question 8

The goal(s) of managing struvite uroliths in the dog is/are
1. an alkaline urine pH
2. a urine concentration of 1.030-1.035
3. treating underlying bacterial infection of bladder
4. all answers are correct

Answer 8

3. treating underlying bacterial infection of bladder

Question 9

If a dog in the hospital boarding kennel develops “Stress Colitis” as diagnosed by a DVM. Appropriate care would be (choose all that apply):
1. ask the DVM for ulcer Rx orders
2. offer a highly digestible, low fiber diet
3. ignore it, it will self-resolve in 24 hours
4. allow free access to water
5. offer a diet high in insoluble fiber (if no known food allergies)
6. withhold all food for 12-24 hours

Answer 9

4. allow free access to water
5. offer a diet high in insoluble fiber (if no known food allergies)
6. withhold all food for 12-24 hours

Question 10

Match the mineral excess with the possible disease it may cause or worsen:

Answer 10

Question 11

Key Nutritional Factors of a diet are manipulated to manage disease by
1. adding unique nutrients to create a physiologic response
2. removal of excessive intake of certain nutrients
3. increasing levels of specific nutrients
4. all choices are possible techniques

Answer 11

4. all choices are possible techniques

Question 12

T/F: Fat tissue is a biochemically active tissue that produces pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What is the Body Condition Score of this dog?
a. 8/9
b. 9/8
c. 5/9
d. 3/9

Answer 13

a. 8/9

Question 14

A clinical sign consistent with large bowel disease is
1. vomiting
2. black, tarry stool
3. straining to defecate (tenesmus)
4. large volume of stool with each defecation

Answer 14

3. straining to defecate (tenesmus)

Question 15

A Key Nutritional Factor for gastric/small intestinal disease is
1. highly digestible protein
2. ultra-low fat
3. high insoluble fiber

Answer 15

1. highly digestible protein

Question 16

The function of insoluble fiber in the diet is to
1. all choices are correct
2. absorb water
3. absorb toxins
4. normalize gut motility

Answer 16

1. all choices are correct

Question 17

Which urolith type can be dissolved with therapeutic nutrition?
1. silica
2. calcium oxalate
3. struvite (magnesium phosphate)
4. all choices are correct

Answer 17

3. struvite (magnesium phosphate)

Question 18

Match the clinical sign with the site within the alimentary tract that most commonly causes the sign.

Answer 18

Question 19

Nutrigenomics is the study of
1. the economics of animal nutrition
2. nutrition effecting gene expression
3. nutraceuticals (food ingredients used as medication)
4. the effect of preservatives, dyes and other chemicals added to processed food

Answer 19

2. nutrition effecting gene expression

Question 20

The most common malnutrition in small animal health is
1. protein deficiency for carnivores/omnivores
2. cardiac cachexia
3. obesity
4. cancer cachexia

Answer 20

3. obesity

Question 21

Which hormone is produced exclusively by white fat tissue?
1. glucagon
2. leptin
3. somatostatin
4. aldosterone

Answer 21

2. leptin

Question 22

The Key Nutritional Factor(s) of managing calcium oxalate uroliths is/are:
1. Low magnesium and low phosphorous
2. all choices are correct
3. Dilute urine (<1.020)
4. Goal: acidic urine pH

Answer 22

3. Dilute urine (<1.020)

Question 23

What is/are Key Nutritional Factor(s) in a diet to manage DJD?
1. omega 6 greater that omega 3 fatty acids
2. high arachidonic acid
3. high carnitine
4. all choices are correct

Answer 23

3. high carnitine

Question 24

What is a hormonal consequence of obesity? 1. leptin resistance prevents satiety (the feeling of stomach is full) 2. leptin production causes damage to joint cartilage 3. insulin resistance causing hyperglycemia 4. all choices are correct

Answer 24

4. all choices are correct

Question 25

Common health complications associated with obesity in the dog or cat include: 1. all choices are correct 2. type II Diabetes; joint disease; lower urinary tract disease in cats 3. respiratory disease, joint disease and infertility in dogs 4. pancreatitis, heart disease and respiratory disease in dogs

Answer 25

1. all choices are correct

Question 26

Cats with Idiopathic Cystitis may benefit from (choose all correct answers) 1. diets with l-tryptophan and alpha-Casozepine 2. diets with omega 3, Vitamin E and beta-carotene 3. low magnesium, high phosphorous diets 4. urine acidification 5. broad-spectrum antibiotics 6. increase in water consumption

Answer 26

1, 2, 6 1. diets with l-tryptophan and alpha-Casozepine 2. diets with omega 3, Vitamin E and beta-carotene 6. increase in water consumption

Question 27

Exercise-Associated Gastric Ulcers of horses is associated with diets 1. all choices are possible causes 2. high in grain 3. fed as continuous grazing 4. high in forage

Answer 27

2. high in grain

Question 28

Insulin Resistance in horses is treated with a diet 1. high in Selenium 2. high in fat (i.e. 1 cup corn oil per day) 3. low in protein (>5% protein) 4. less than 20% sugar and starch

Answer 28

4. less than 20% sugar and starch

Question 29

Choke is 1. an obstruction of food within the trachea 2. an obstruction of food above the soft palate 3. an obstruction of food within the esophagus 4. an obstruction of food in the gastric pylorus

Answer 29

3. an obstruction of food within the esophagus

Question 30

Senior Horses need which dietary adjustment? 1. a decrease of Vitamins B and C 2. a decrease in the amount of Phosphorous in their diet 3. more protein in their diet 4. less fiber in their diet

Answer 30

3. more protein in their diet

Question 31

Dietary therapy to prevent Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis ("Tying Up") would include: 1. diet low in starch & sugar 2. diet higher in fat 3. all choices are correct 4. diet with adequate (not high) Vit E & Selenium

Answer 31

3. all choices are correct

Question 32

Why is a Complete Feed fed to senior horses? 1. it is less expensive than high quality hay 2. they are low in starch/sugar 3. it provides adequate nutrition for horses having difficulty chewing 4. it is not possible for an animal on complete feed to Founder

Answer 32

3. it provides adequate nutrition for horses having difficulty chewing

Question 33

What are possible nutritional therapies for horses with Heaves (allergic lung disease)? 1. feed a complete pelleted feed 2. soak or wet hay to reduce dust 3. avoid feeding moldy hay 4. all choices are correct

Answer 33

4. all choices are correct

Question 34

Nutritional therapy to manage chronic laminitis (founder) would include: 1. high grain diet (2% of body weight as grain per meal) 2. low starch/sugar; high fiber diet 3. maintaining a BCS of 8/9 4. feed two large meals per day

Answer 34

2. low starch/sugar; high fiber diet

Question 35

a. What is the amount of sodium in this diet on an "as fed" basis? b. What is the fat content of this diet on a "dry matter" basis? c. How many kilocalories are in a can of H/d?

Answer 35

a. 0.03% b. 27% c. 482 kcals

Question 36

List four contra-indications to the use of Hill's H/d canned based on the Product guide at hillsvet.com.

Answer 36

1. Growing puppies 2. Pregnant/nursing dogs 3. Hyperlipidemia 4. Pancreatitis 5. Sodium depletion states

Question 37

List the Key Nutritional Factors of Hill's Prescription Diet H/d canned.

Answer 37

KNFs: a. High taurine/high carnitine b. Low salt c. Low phosphorus d. High potassium/magnesium

Question 38

Discuss (in complete sentences) at least two different reasons why it is important for veterinary technicians to understand the foundations of therapeutic nutrition.

Answer 38

It is important for the vet tech to know and understand the foundations of therapeutic nutrition because it is our job to collect history from the owner and help monitor the patient's progression/needs. In order to know what information is important for the history/assessment and monitoring the patient's progression, we need to be able to understand the disease processes, what clinical signs they exhibit, and how they are treated/prevented. Without this knowledge and understanding, we may not record valuable findings to lead to a correct diagnosis, treatment plan, or necessary changes in nutritional plan. - Discuss concepts such as: a. Client eduation/compliance to treat or prevent disease with nutrition b. in-hospital patient care and monitoring related to nutrition c. understanding disease process related to nutrition

Question 39

If you calculate the caloric needs of "Dynamo" a 10-week-old puppy to be 550 kcal daily and his puppy kibble is: 414 kcal/cup How much should he be fed per meal if he is fed 4x/day?

Answer 39

550 kcal/ 414 kcal = 1.32 cups per day 1.32 /4 = 0.33 cups or 1/3 cup per meal four times daily

Question 40

"Muffin" is a 10-year-old Cockapoo with a body condition score of 7/9. She weighs 12#. a. What is her weight in kg? b. What is her Resting Energy Requirement (RER)? c. What is her DER factor? d. What is her Daily Energy Requirement (DER)? RER in kcal = (30 x BW in kg) +70 DER in kcal = RER x DER Factor

Answer 40

a. 5.45kg b. 5.45 x 30 + 70 = 233.5kcal c. 1 - weight loss (BCS of 7/9 = overweight) d. 1 x 233.5 = 233.5kcal/day

Question 41

1. How many calories are in 1 cup of NF dry? 2. What are the Key Nutritional Factors for Purina NF canine? 3. What are the contraindications for using NF canine? (give one real life example) 4. What are the indications for using NF canine (give two examples)?

Answer 41

1. 459 kcal/cup 2. Low phosphorus, reduced protein, increased potassium, reduced sodium, increased Omega FA 3. Contraindications: - Growing puppy; Healing post-op; Small intestine malabsorption disease (i.e. Parvo, Protein-losing enteropathy); Lactating female d. Useful for: - Renal failure; Liver failure with neuro signs; Sodium restriction needed (i.e. heart failure)

Question 42

List three possible clinical signs of Cognitive Dysfunction in a senior cat or dog.

Answer 42

1. Wandering at night 2. Abnormal response to familiar objects 3. Less responsive to commands