Midterm Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
Disproved spontaneous generation. Germ theory of disease. Swan necked flask that trapped the microorganisms and kept the contents sterile.
A
Louis Pasteur
2
Q
Father of microbiology, created microscopes, found animalcules.
A
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
3
Q
Carbolic acid to reduce wound infection, aseptic surgery techniques
A
Joseph Lister
4
Q
first immunization for smallpox
A
Edward Jenner
5
Q
Robert Koch
A
Koch’s postulates: whether an organism was pathogenic and what disease it caused
6
Q
founder of chemotherapy to kill bacteria
A
Paul Ehrlich
7
Q
discovered Penicillin
A
Alexander Fleming
8
Q
Two name system; genus + epithet = species
A
binomial nomenclature
9
Q
How is binomial nomenclature written?
A
italics with first name capitalized
10
Q
What are the five classes of microorganisms
A
protozoa, fungi, algae, bacteria, virus
11
Q
Staphylo looks like
A
a cluster
12
Q
Coccus looks like
A
round ball
13
Q
Strepto looks like
A
chain
14
Q
bacillus looks like
A
rod shaped
15
Q
spirillum looks like
A
spiral
16
Q
vibrio looks like
A
boomerang
17
Q
spirochete looks like
A
corkscrew
18
Q
pleomorphic can change
A
shapes
19
Q
The five I’s of microbiology
A
inoculation, incubation, isolation, inspection, identification
20
Q
the process of introducing a culture into a medium
A
inoculation
21
Q
placing a container fo medium in a temperature controlled chamber to encourage multiplication
A
incubation
22
Q
using methods to separate colonies of microorganisms
A
isolation
23
Q
using shape and size to identify microorganisms
A
inspection and identification
24
Q
makes use of a single dye and reveals basic cell shapes and cell arrangements
A
simple stains
25
makes use of 2 or more dyes and distinguishes between 2 kinds of organisms or between 2 different parts of an organism
differential stain
26
This lens forms the initial image of the specimen ________.
Objective lens, real image
27
this lens forms the ________ which is the magnified image the is received by the retina and perceived by the human brain.
Ocular, virtual
28
Pathway of light through through a microscope
light source, illuminator, condenser, specimen, objective lens, ocular lens
29
the ability to see 2 items as separate and discrete units rather than fuzzy
resolution
30
refers to the degree of which something stands out from its surroundings
contrast
31
Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (3)
(1) DNA packaging: pro- no nucleus, euks have a neuc; (2) makeup of cell wall: pro- have sturdy walls made of peptidoglycan, euks don't (3) internal structures: euks have membrane organelles, pro don't
32
4 things about a Gram positive cell
Thick peptidoglycan layer, stains purple, contains teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid, no outer cell membrane
33
4 things about a Gram negative cell
Thin peptidoglycan layer, stains pink, contains lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharides, has an outer cell membrane
34
be able to label a prokaryotic cell
nucleiod, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, outer cell membrane (gram neg); see photo
35
2 types of glycocalyx that a cell can have
slime layer, capsule that can prevent phagocytosis
36
Fungal disease (mycosis) that affects keratinized tissue in skin, hair, and nails
superficial
37
Fungal disease (mycosis) that affects skin layer beneath keratinized tissues to the lymph vessels: mucous membranes, yeast infection
subcutaneous
38
Fungal disease (mycosis) that affects internal organs
systemic
39
Fungal disease (mycosis) that affects a host that is already weakened
opportunistic
40
protozoa containing cilia; has a mouth like opening called a cytostome where nutrients are pulled into the cells by cilia creating an inward current
Stentor
41
Causes amoebic dysentery, intestinal, eats red blood cells
Entamoeba hystolytica
42
Have a smiley face appearance, found in the small intestines
excreted in the feces as cysts to survive until ingested again
absorb nutrients by diffusion
Giardia Lamblia (protozoa)
43
Can infect the vagina in females and the urinary tract in males, transmitted by toilet facilities and towels, does not form into a cyst
trichomonas vaginalis (protozoa)
44
viral replication process
Adsorption on to cell wall, penetration of cell and DNA is deposited, synthesis of DNA and viral parts, maturation of virus by assembly, release by lysis of cell
45
long filaments of cells
hyphae
46
"crosswalls" dividing hyphae into distinct cell units
septae
47
Be able to label all parts of a virus and know their function.
nucleic acid: carries the genetic material
capsid: shape, protection, composed of capsomeres
spikes (glycoproteins): attach to receptors on host
envelope: usually from host; could disguise it
48
difference in viral replication between animal viruses and bacteriophages
animal viruses enter cells and uncoat. Bacteriophages just the DNA goes into the cell
49
consists of a ribbon like protein that forms a spiral around the nucleic acid
helical capsid
50
many sided virus
polyhedral
51
icosahedral viruses have ___ triangular faces
20
52
viruses made of multiple shapes
complex
53
What is hypertonic mean?
high concentration of solution outside the cell, causes cell to shrink
54
What is hypotonic mean?
low concentration of solution outside the cell, causes cell to explode
55
What is isotonic mean?
the same concentration inside and outside of a cell
56
use oxygen when available, but can function without it
facultative anaerobes
57
use small amounts of O2
microaerophilic
58
organisms that do not use oxygen
anaerobes
59
organisms that do use oxygen
aerobes
60
In aerobic organisms, the superoxide ion is converted to _____ and _____ by the action of an enzyme called ________.
hydrogen peroxide and oxygen; superoxide dismutase
61
In aerobic organisms, hydrogen peroxide is degraded into _____ and _____ by the enzyme __________.
water and oxygen; catalase
62
how do you calculate the number of colony forming units?
number of colonies times the dilution factor
63
3 part molecule consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine) linked to a 5 carbon sugar (ribose) and a chain of 3 phosphate groups bonded to the ribose
Adenosine Triphosphate
64
The _____ _____ account for the energetic quality of ATP, because removal of the terminal ones releases free energy
phosphate bonds
65
_____ are a special category of proteins that act as catalysts
enzymes
66
What do enzymes do so that reactions can occur at mild temps in living cells?
lower the activation energy
67
bacterial cell duplicates its own components and divides into two cells
binary fission
68
Metabolizes glucose into pyruvic acid
glycolysis
69
What products does glycolysis generate?
2 pyruvic acid, 2 NAD, and 4 ATP
70
Purpose of fermentation
occurs in the absence of O2, recycles NADH back to NAD to be reused in glycolysis
71
kills all vegetative cells and endospores
sterilization
72
kills all vegetative cells except endospores
disinfection
73
lowers microbial content to the point they don't cause infection
decontamination
74
reduces the number of microbes on human skin
antisepsis
75
elevated temperatures are _______ which kill bacteria
bactericidal
76
lower temperatures are ______ which slow growth
bacteriostatic
77
kinds of moist heat
hot water, steam, autoclave, pasteurization (not sterilizing)
78
kinds of dry heat
hot air: Bunsen burner, oven, loop incinerator
79
disadvantage of filtration
viruses and bacterial toxins can still pass through
80
How do phenols (carbolic acid) work on microbial cells?
target and destroy the cell membrane
81
occurs due to taking broad spectrum antibiotic. Kills healthy bacteria as well as targeted bacteria allowing overgrowth of bacteria
super infection
82
successfully eliminates the pathogenic organism if the dosage level is maintained over a period of time
therapeutic dosage level
83
dose is harmful to host
toxic dosage level
84
max tolerable dose per kg of body weight divided by min dose per kg of body weight that will cure the disease
chemotherapeutic index
85
drug that exerts its antimicrobial effects on the cell wall synthesis (peptidoglycan)
penicillin
86
drug that exerts its antimicrobial effects on the cell membrane, especially gram negative bacteria
polymyxin
87
drug that exerts its antimicrobial effects on protein synthesis on the 30s subunit specifically
streptomycin
88
drug that exerts its antimicrobial effects on protein synthesis on the 50s subunit specifically
erythromycin
89
drug that exerts its antimicrobial effects on nucleic acid synthesis (RNA)
rifamycin
90
drug that exerts its antimicrobial effects on metabolic activity
sulfa drugs
91
naked DNA is picked up from a solution and inserted into the bacterial genome
transformation
92
DNA is carried by a bacteriophage
transduction
93
genetic info is passed directly from bacteria to bacteria via pilli
conjugation
94
3 ways to limit antibiotic resistance
taking the entire course as prescribed, only take when necessary, minimize export
95
an organisms potential to cause disease
pathogenicity
96
the severity of the disease caused by the microbe
virulence
97
toxic enzyme produced by Gram + bacteria and secreted into host tissue
exotoxins
98
Lipopolysaccharides that are part of the cell wall of gram negative bacteria are released when the cell dies or divides. this is an example of what?
endotoxins
99
exotoxins that lyse red blood cells
hemolysins
100
exotoxins that damage white blood cells especially neutrophils and macrophages
leukocidins
101
exotoxins that act on tissues of the nervous system to prevent muscle contraction or relaxation
neurotoxins
102
exotoxins that act on tissues of the gut
enterotoxins
103
5 stages of infectious disease
incubation, prodromal, invasive, decline, convalescence
104
Stage of infectious disease between infection and appearance of signs and symptoms
incubation period
105
Stage of infectious disease that is the short period during which nonspecific, often mild, symptoms occur
prodromal phase
106
Stage of infectious disease during which the individual experiences signs and symptoms
invasive phase
107
Stage of infectious disease during which host defenses overcome the pathogen
decline phase
108
Stage of infectious disease in which tissues are repaired and healing takes place, yet host is still contagious
convalescence period
109
the number of new cases contracted within a set population during a specific period of time
incidence rate
110
the total number of people infected within a population at any given time
prevalence
111
total number of individuals affected by a disease during a set period in relation to the total number in the population
morbidity rate
112
number of deaths due to a disease
mortality rate
113
present continually in the population, low number of cases and low severity. Not a health concern
endemic
114
arises when a disease suddenly has higher than normal incidence; public health concern
epidemic
115
an epidemic that spreads worldwide
pandemic
116
What is the real image?
The initial image of a specimen
117
This microorganism will use oxygen if it is available but can function without it.
What is a facultative anaerobe?
118
A pressure chamber used to sterilize equipment and supplies
Autoclave
119
The entry of virons into a host cell
Penetration
120
The superoxide ion is first converted to hydrogen peroxide and normal oxygen by the action of this enzyme
Superoxide dismutase
121
A chemical antimicrobial that was first used by Joseph Lister to destroy cell membranes
Phenol
122
Mammalian viruses capable of initiating tumors
Oncoviruses
123
A eukaryotic cell has this in its cell membrane which functions much like the peptidoglycan of prokaryotic cell walls
Sterols
124
A sequence of reactions in which acetyl groups are oxidized to carbon dioxide
Kreb cycle
125
Dosage level that successfully eliminates the pathogenic organism if the level is maintained over a period of time
Therapeutic dosage level
126
The causative agent of both chicken pox and shingles
Varicella Zoster Virus
127
The total number of reduced NADH coenzymes generated during glycolysis
2
128
Act as detergents and distort bacterial cell membranes by binding to phospholipids in the membrane
Polymyxins
129
The difference between animal and bacteriophage replication cycles
In coating
130
Substances that remain unchanged while they speed up reactions
Enzymes
131
Capable of breaking the B-lactam ring in penicillin
B-lactamases
132
Consists of a ribbon like protein that forms a spiral around the nucleic acid
Helical capsid
