Quiz 3

Question 1

Beginning and end products of replication, transcription, and translation.

Answer 1

replication: DNA -> DNA, transcription: DNA -> mRNA, translation: mRNA -> protein

Question 2

Name the purines

Answer 2

Adenine and Guanine

Question 3

Name the pyrimidines

Answer 3

Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil

Question 4

Nitrogenous base molecules that contain double ring structures

Answer 4

purines

Question 5

Nitrogenous base molecules that contain a single ring structures

Answer 5

pyrimidines

Question 6

synthesized from DNA to direct the synthesis of polypeptide chains (proteins)

Answer 6

mRNA

Question 7

forms ribosomal subunits that together make up the ribosome

Answer 7

rRNA

Question 8

functions to transfer amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes for placement in a protein molecule

Answer 8

tRNA

Question 9

Explain complimentary base pairing

Answer 9

Hydrogen bonds that connect adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine (adenine to uracil in RNA)

Question 10

molecular make up of DNA and RNA

Answer 10

one or more phosphate groups, sugar, nitrogenous bases

Question 11

difference between RNA and DNA

Answer 11

DNA: deoxyribose, double stranded, adenine pairs with thymine
RNA: ribose, single stranded, adenine pairs with uracil

Question 12

process of replication

Answer 12

basically consists of a series of enzymes that separate the strands of the DNA molecule, copy one strand, and produce two daughter molecules

Question 13

This enzyme will break the hydrogen bonds holding the two strands together, resulting in two separate strands (unzips the DNA)

Answer 13

helicase

Question 14

This enzyme binds to each single strand of DNA to keep them apart

Answer 14

Single stranded binding protein

Question 15

initiation of DNA synthesis requires a jump start or short RNA template manufactured by

Answer 15

RNA polymerase

Question 16

adds nucleotides to the primer sequence and starts synthesizing new strands of DNA

Answer 16

DNA polymerase III

Question 17

removes primer sequence through enzymatic action (cuts out RNA and replaces it with DNA)

Answer 17

DNA polymerase I

Question 18

Joins or glues the Okazaki fragments together

Answer 18

ligase

Question 19

What is polymerase chain reaction used for?

Answer 19

if only a small amount of DNA is available, PCR is a method to replicate DNA outside of a cell

Question 20

DNA is removed from one cell using restriction endonuclease to cut with and ligase to add it to another strand of DNA and placed inside a bacterial cell for cloning

Answer 20

recombinant DNA technology

Question 21

cuts at staggered sites in DNA leaving a single stranded piece sticking out at each end, a sticky end

Answer 21

restriction endonuclease

Question 22

what is lysosome?

Answer 22

enzyme in tears and saliva that break down the peptidoglycan in the cell wall of bacteria

Question 23

How can the skin be inhibitory to microbes?

Answer 23

high lactic acid content of sweat and acidic pH and fatty content

Question 24

How does the stomach defend against bacteria?

Answer 24

gastric juices that have a pH of about 1 - 3

Question 25

Which bacteria are not affected by the gastric juices in the stomach?

Answer 25

Clostridium botulinum, Staphylococcus aureus, Helicobacter pylori, and Enterobacteriaceae such as E. coli and Salmonella

Question 26

general purpose phagocyte that are 1st in the inflammation process and primary component of pus

Answer 26

neutrophils

Question 27

travel in the blood as phagocytes

Answer 27

monocytes

Question 28

after monocytes leave the bloodstream they are transformed by various inflammatory mediator into these

Answer 28

macrophages

Question 29

how does our normal micro flora help in the defense against pathogens?

Answer 29

blocks access to epithelial surfaces and alters the local pH to a level unfavorable to pathogens

Question 30

phagocytes recognize microorganisms as foreign by these

Answer 30

pathogen associated molecular patterns or PAMPs

Question 31

these are used by host cells to recognize PAMPs

Answer 31

pattern recognition receptors or PRRs

Question 32

first line of defense is

Answer 32

non-specific; barriers that block entry: skin and mucous membranes

Question 33

second line of defense

Answer 33

non-specific; system of protective cells and fluids: inflammation, phagocytosis, and fever

Question 34

third line of defense is

Answer 34

specific; acquired as each pathogen is encountered: B-cells and T-cells

Question 35

what is a fever?

Answer 35

a systemic rise in body temperature; clinical def. = 100.5

Question 36

body temperature is controlled by the

Answer 36

hypothalamus

Question 37

what chemical causes a fever to occur?

Answer 37

pyrogens stimulate the hypothalamus to raise the bodies temp

Question 38

what is interferon?

Answer 38

antiviral that stops viral replication; can prevent viral attachment to cells

Question 39

Phagocytosis process where chemokines cause phagocytes to migrate to the region of inflammation

Answer 39

chemotaxis

Question 40

Phagocytosis process where PRRs bind PAMPs

Answer 40

adhesion

Question 41

Phagocytosis process where phagocyte engulfs and internalizes the microorganism in a vacuole called a phagosome

Answer 41

engulfment and phagosome formation

Question 42

Phagocytosis process where lysosome migrates and fuses with the phagosome

Answer 42

phagolysosome formation

Question 43

Phagocytosis process where granules containing antimicrobial chemicals are released into the phagolysosome destroying the ingested material

Answer 43

killing

Question 44

Phagocytosis process where the small bits of undigestible debris are released from the phagocyte by exocytosis

Answer 44

elimination