- MADRASA OF ULUGHBEG
- Samarkand, Uzbekistan
- 1417-21
- for Ulugbeg
[Decoration] fairly restrained w/ strict adherence to Islam’s injunction against representation of living beings. Tessellated star elements reference Beg’s penchant for astronomy.
[Layout] square bldg organized around a courtyard. Monumental entrance w/ 2-story Iwan / 4 interior iwans at courtyard / 4 darskhans or domed lecture halls / long mosque at back
[Iwan] rectangular vaulted space, 3 walls open on one end - “portal projecting from facade”
[Minaret] tower used for the Muslim call to prayer
[Madrasa] a college for Islamic instruction
[Later Additions] Tilya Kori Madrasa 1660 & Sher-Dor Madrasa, 1619
- PALAZZO MEDICI
- Michelozzo di Bartolommeo
- Florence 1445-60
- for Cosimo il Vecchio de Medici
- [Urban Fortress] almost fortified block w/ rusticated surfaces that make it seem formidable
- interior courtyard defined by Corinthian colonnade follows ex est by Brunelleschi in Hospital of Innocents
- [Architecture & Power] Cosimo understood architecture’s effectiveness as political propaganda-families who could afford it sunk money into building palaces
- [Courtyard] defined by corinthian colonnade follows ex by Brunelleschi @ Hosp. of Innocents / served as the first threshold to the piano nobile
- FLORENCE DUOMO
- Filippo Brunelleschi/
- Florence begun 1420-36
- consecrated by Pope Eugene IV
[Long Development] Arnolfo di Cambio began the rebuilding of the Church in 1294 and Brunelleschi finished it with a dome
[Rejection of Gothic] medieval buttresses, used by enemies and thought of as ugly
[Double Skin Dome] octagonal of brick / spreading force solved by set of four internal horizontal stone and iron chains, embedded within inner dome / vertical “ribs” set on corners / herringbone brick pattern transferred loads to ribs
[No Centering] would be too much wood so dome ribs had slits for beams that supported platforms allowing work to progress w/o scaffolding
Dominic OBrien: Alan Derschewitz Boiling Onions - - Chopping Slugs
- CHURCH OF SAN LORENZO
- Florence
- OLD SACRISTY / 1421-28
- Filippo Brunelleschi
- for Giovanni di Bicci de’ Medici
- [Pendentive] curved triangle of vaulting from intersection of a dome with its supporting arches.
- [Pietra Serena] gray sandstone used extensively in Renaissance Florence
- NAVE / after 1428
- followers of Brunelleschi
- mathematical precision where the square of a bay was equal to the height of the columns
- PALAZZO RUCELLAI
- Leon Battista Alberti
- Florence / 1446-51
- Enlarged after 1458 for Giovanni Rucellai
[Facade] pilasters as ordering device and ornamental motif articulate window bays / more delicate than Medici
[Coliseum Influence] 1st floor Doric, 2nd floor Ionic, 3rd Corinthian
Alan Derschwits Drying Salad - Eating Aprons
- FORBIDDEN CITY / 1420-1908
- YONGLE EMPEROR of Ming began 1420
- Hall of Supreme Harmony / Tai He Dian
- the ceremonial center of imperial power and the largest surviving wood structure in China
- 11 bays wide but the main room is 9 bays wide and 5 bays/jian deep symbolic of the majesty of the emperor
- Ming used to hold court, Qing held court more frequently and moved it to Inner Court
- constitute the heart of Outer Court: Hall of Central Harmony and Hall of Preserving Harmony
- importance highlighted by being set on three stone tiers
- Meridian Gate
- the southern and largest gate of the FC
- two protruding arms on either side
- gate has 5 arches, center was for emperor while remaining was for civil servants
- superstructure is 9 jian wide double eave
- axiality and layout of the rest of Beijing, the gates create a series of thresholds with increasing importance and access
- Lie Jie and Yingzao Fashi
- state building standards published ca 1100
- Hall of Supreme Harmony / Tai He Dian
- ZHUOZHENG YUAN / ARTLESS ADMINISTRATORS GARDEN
- WANG XIANCHEN, an imperial envoy & poet
- SUZHOU, CHINA 1506-21 (Ming)
- [Design] garden w/ numerous pavilions, bridges and meandering pools and island set about a large lake / a break from typical imperial Chinese architecture.
- [4 layers] the stone, the plant, the architecture, and the water / woven together
- Pavilion of Delicious Fruit, meandering paths and covered walkways. Softening of edges of the water.
- the private home for a career civil servant offered to relax and repose
- PALAZZO CHIERICATI
- ANDREA PALLADIO
- VICENZA, Italy 1548-1680
- AE Dabbing Hagrids
- for Count Girolamo Chiericati
[Lower Loggia] takes up the whole facade
[Raised Ground] 5ft to place cellars below to avoid water and to give better view of site
[Vaulted Rooms] large rooms, mid size have lunette vaults as high
[Camerino] small rooms vaulted and partitioned amezato
[Interiors as Art] Ridolfi sculptor, Rizzo & Veneziano paintings,
[Upper Sala] mid-facade as high as the roof, projects forward w/ coupled columns at corners
[Two Porticoes] across the hall from one another that have their own soffits decorated w/ paintings
[Primo Ordine] or ground floor is doric
[Secondo] 2nd floor Ionic
- VILLA BARBARO / VILLA MASER
- ANDREA PALLADIO
- MASER, ITALY / 1549-58
- for Daniele Barbero & Marc Antonio Barbero
[Strict Symmetry] running loggia, practical farm meets ideal villa, graphic attention to plan overwhelms elevation
[Rigorous Proportional Logic] ideal mathematics of renaissance arch. onto ancient roman forms
[Ancient Temple Front] on secular bldg w/ pilasters rather than freestanding portico of columns
[Brick & Stucco] practical instead of more expensive stone
[Paolo Veronese] painted illusionistic frescoes that create rich relationship to the surrounding landscape
Albert Einstein Dabbing Nuns - Eating Hair
- IL REDENTORE
- ANDREA PALLADIO
- Venice / 1576-91
- commissioned by Venetian Senate
- consecrated 1592 by Pope Greg XIII
- built to thank God for the deliverance of the plague from Venice
- dominates skyline of island Giudecca
- [Form] single-nave church with 3 chapels on either side
- [Facade] inspired by Pantheon - temple front / triangular pediment overlies a larger lower one / overall height is 4/5ths of its width while central width is 5/6ths its height
- [Mathematical Proportion] overall height is 4/5ths its overall width while central width is 5/6th its height
- [Plinth] 15 steps ref Temple of Jerusalem / follows Palladio’s “the ascent” of the faithful
- [Interior] stucco and gray stone interior with domed crossing and uninterrupted Corinthian order makes its way around the interior
- [Dome] crowned by statue of the redeemer
Albert Einstein Growing Soap - Neutering Alpacas
- ST. PETERS BASILICA /
- ROME / 1505-1666
- DONATO BRAMANTE
- 1505-13 for Pope Julius II
- the initial plan, new basilica to replace “Old Saint Peter’s” (4th century)
- ANTONIO DA SANGALLO
- plan and wooden model, 1516-49
- MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI
- crossing apse&dome, 1546-64
- double-shell brick dome
- further evolution of Brunelleschi’s Ancient Sacristy at San Lorenzo w/ dome over a square
- strong compositional plan compromised by church’s desired axial plan
- CARLO MADERNO
- nave and facade, 1607-21
- LORENZO BERNINI
- St Peter’s square, 1657-66
- PIAZZA DEL CAMPIDOGLIO
- MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI
- Rome / 1538-1660
- commissioned by the Farnese Pope Paul III
- Civic Plaza, built to impress Charles V
- [Orientation] back to the forum and faces St. Peters to embrace developing Rome
- [Marcus Aurelius] forms a central focal point at the trapezoidal plaza
- [Axiality & Symmetry] govern all parts, paving emphasizes central focal point / provided new fronts to two civic buildings
- [Cordonata] ramped staircase leading to the plaza lifted visitors to the sky and deposited the on the threshold of municipal authority
- MOSQUE & IMARET MEHMED II
- Greek architect / ATIK SINAN
- Istanbul / 1463-70
- for Fatih Sultan Mehmed
- 1771, Sultan Mustafa III added 3 supporting half domes to main dome
- [Dome] one central dome supported by a single semi dome and suspended on four arches - extension supported by four semi-domes
- the former site of Church of Holy Apostles (Constantine burial site)
- 1st monumental project in the Ottoman imperial architectural tradition
- included a set of 8 Medrese, a library, hospital, hospice, caravanserai, market, Hamam, primary school, and a public kitchen (imaret)
- [WAQF] charitable endowment under Islamic law which involves donating a building, plot of land or other assets for Muslim religious or charitable purposes w/ no intention of reclaiming assets
- [Interior] a copy of earlier designs by Sinan re-used repeatedly by himself and successors - emulative of Hagia Sophia /
Alan Dershowitz Suckinig Corn - Grabbing Oranges
- BAYEZID II MOSQUE
- Istanbul, Turkey /1501-05 AE Organizing Alpacas -Organizing Elves
- architect / Mimar Hayruddin
- for Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II
- [Dome] supported by 2 semi-domes and 2 arches
- two minarets in between courtyard and mosque
- [Courtyard] equal area to mosque / colonnaded peristyle w/ 20 ancient columns of porphyry, verd antique and granite salvaged from churches and anceint ruins, equal in area to mosque
- roofed w/ 24 small domes with a pavement in polychrome marble
- dome, supported by huge rectangular piers with smooth pendentives and stalactite decorations, 20 windows at the base of dome and 7 on each semi-dome
- 40 meters square with 17 meter diameter dome
- interior patterned after Hagia Sophia
- TOPKAPI PALACE
- ISTANBUL, TURKEY / 1459 AD Eating Nutella
- for Mehmed II
- served as center of Ottoman govt unit 1856
- [Respect Locale] built on old acropolis and many individual bldgs differed little from vernacular of the rest of city (especially admin building)
- [Influence Medieval Castle] elevated fortified castles from middle ages which a succession of courtyards contained increasingly private and secure spaces for ruler to survey land
- [Succession of Courtyards] increasing in privacy
- Ottomans joined the Chinese in pioneering the development of a modern state bureaucracy
[GATE OF SALUTATION] stout flanking towers and oldest part of complex and led to second courtyard where imperial ceremonies were staged in front of courtiers and ambassadors
[GATE OF FELICITY] leads to 3rd courtyard / emperor held public audience here / characteristic Ottoman form: domed pavilion whose columned porch projects far forward at low angle
*architectural settings enhanced w/ textiles, carpets
[CHAMBER OF PETITIONS]
[CINILI KIOSK/TILED KIOSK], 1472 outer walls of palace
- SULEYMANIYE MOSQUE & IMARET
- ISTANBUL / 1550-57 AE Eating Octopus - Eating Eels
- MIMAR SINAN, architect
4 minarets at the corners of courtyard (4 reserved for commissions by sultan)
[Module] domed square arranged around open courtyards imparted a high degree of arch order and made it easy for Sinan to designing throughout the empire
[Dome] buttressed central dome w/ half domes as in Hagia Sophia / pendentives support dome / stepped pyramidal silhouette
[Differs from Hagia] orchestration of various sized domes absent in HS /
[Necklace of Light] as HagSophia windows slotted into the dome and half domes
Ottoman imperial mosques included charitable activities
originally included, imaret, hospital, coffeehouses, religious school, bath complex - a tight link between the public realm and the sacred
mosque was centerpiece fronted by courtyard composed of domed modules
- Courtyard / SAHN
- Prayer Hall
- Qibla Wall faces Mecca
- Mihrab niche set in
- Minbar
- wooden pulpit from which the Friday sermon is preached
- Mausoleum
- CORNARO CHAPEL
- Gian Lorenzo Bernini
- ROME
- 1645-52 [Arnold Schwarz. Decorating Eggs - Encouraging Babies]
- commissioned by Cardinal Federico Cornaro
- w/in Santa Maria della Vittoria
- [Drama] ecstasy of St. Theresa is framed by sculptures of the patrons. Light flows onto st Theresa from a hidden window / color and undulating surfaces / expanding perceived size of the room
- Ecstasy of St. Theresa
- [Aedicula Niche] a small shrine
- [Broken Triangular Pediment] creates depth and thrust the altar forward
- SAN CARLO ALLE QUATRO FONTANE / SAN CARLINO
- FRANCESCO BORROMINI
- ROME / 1638-41 AS Crushing Hamsters
- FACADE / 1665-7
- synthesis of cross, oval, and octagon
- [Plan] lobed rhombus generated around sqrt3 the proportioning and then curve of the biangolo transfigured the plan into a shape that is symbolic as the fourfold orientation design with the epiphanic representation of Trinity
- CHAPEL OF SANTISSIMA SINDONE
- CHAPEL OF THE HOLY SHROUD
- TURN CATHEDRAL
- GUARINO GUARINI
- TURIN / begun 1668
- Baroque was a continued rethinking of classical architecture which emphasized spatial drama and visual persuasion
- Dome, a network of small arches tied to ribs creates a complex network of sub-geometries
- each arch had its own opening to increase light
- Guarini, mathematician & engineer used projective geometry and loved the parabola because it could exaggerate height
- BANQUETING HOUSE at WHITEHALL PALACE
- LONDON / 1618-22 AS Asking Hippos - Bathing Baby Hippos
- INIGO JONES
- Columnar system at base MAY reference Anglican Church and second floor Catholic
- simple open plan with balustrade at second-floor
- exterior pilasters expressed as columns at interior
- PERSONIFICATION of ORDERS: by John Schute 1563, the first and chief grounds of Architecture
- PLAN REBUILDING LONDON
- LONDON / 1666
- CHRISTOPHER WREN
- following 1666 conflagration of London
- Wren, royal astronomer, proposed changing city completely
- influenced by Rome and Versailles, envisioned broad baroque boulevards
- King Charles II & officials decided to preserve street networks
- wanted to rebuild quickly and not to infringe on extg property lines
- Charles couldn’t tax his subjects
- though Baroque eas too firmly associated w/ Catholicism and absolute monarchy
- Parliment implemented brick construction
- ST PAUL’S
- LONDON / 1680-1710
- CHRISTOPHER WREN
- Wren’s 1st model too redolent of Bernini for local tastes
- pushed instead for Latin cross
- BUTTRESSES
- medieval precedent w/ buttresses tucked into walls w/ modern classical ornament
- TIPPLE SHELL DOME
- married the complexity of the section of Borro. 4fountains at the scale of Saint Peter’s
- two superstructures
- brick tied w/ iron chain supports the lantern
- wood covered w/ lead creates a bold profile
- two superstructures
- married the complexity of the section of Borro. 4fountains at the scale of Saint Peter’s
- The word of God > Communion in Anglican Church
- LECTERN and pulpit were focal points of these spaces not the altar
- GATE OF SALUTATION
- well-fortified gates for the oldest parts of the entire complex
VITRUVIUS’
3 NECESSARY ELEMENTS
IN ARCHITECTURE
- USEFULNESS / CONVENIENCE
- commodita
- DURABILITY
- when all the walls are plumb vertical, thicker below than above and sound foundations
- BEAUTY
- graceful shape and relationship to the whole
