Midterm | RadTech Procedures and Terms Flashcards by Eun Woo

X-ray imaging of the heart, coronary arteries and/or great vessels made visible by injection of a dye directly into the vessel via a catheter.

ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY

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a dye/contrast media is injected into the bloodstream and x-rays are taken to visualize the blood vessels.

ANGIOGRAM

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An examination of blood vessels that uses X-ray, CT or MR imaging and an injection of a radiopaque contrast material to image arteries in the brain, heart, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, aorta, neck, chest, limbs and pulmonary circulatory system.

ANGIOGRAPHY

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Loss of energy of a beam of radiant energy due to absorption, scattering, beam divergence, and other causes as the beam propagates through a medium.

ATTENUATION

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mAs vs kVp
+ their relationship

mAs: control amount of XR
kVp: control amount of energy

inversely proportional

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Low vs high kVp

Low kVp: absorption; not enough energy can transmit

High kVp: complete transmission

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X-ray exam that can detect changes or abnormalities in the large intestine (colon).

BARIUM ENEMA

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A white insoluble radiopaque powder that is used as a contrast material to make certain body parts more visible in x-ray images.

BARIUM SULFATE

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These substances limit the penetration of x-rays and other forms of radiation.

RADIOPAQUE

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Process of removing tissue from living patients for diagnostic examination.

BIOPSY

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An imaging test in which a radiotracer is injected into a vein and travels to the bone where it is detected by a special camera.

BONE SCAN

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What radiotracer is injected in the bone scan procedure?

technetium-99m

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Bone scan is always done in (1) and shows metastases of cancer as black areas called (2)

nuclear medicine
hot spots

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A diagnostic procedure in which a catheter is placed in a large vein in the leg or arm and advanced to the heart to check for blood pressure within the heart, oxygen in the blood, and/or pumping ability of the heart muscle.

CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION

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What does CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION check for?

➢ Blood pressure of the heart
➢ Oxygen in the blood
➢ Pumping abilit of heart muscle

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An x-ray image intensifier.

C-ARM

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An examination of blood vessels by injecting contrast material directly into an artery through a small plastic tube.

CATHETER ANGIOGRAPHY

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Imaging anatomical information from a cross-sectional plane of the body.

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

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A method of examining blood vessels utilizing x-rays and injection of iodine-rich contrast material (dye).

CT - ANGIOGRAPHY

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What is used for CT - ANGIOGRAPHY?

XRs and iodine-rich contrast material

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Why is a thorough interview of patient needed for CT - ANGIOGRAPHY?

It’s important to know if the patient has any allergies, especially to iodine-rich foods such as seafoods, which can indicate a potential allergic reaction to the contrast material.

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Any internally administered substance that has a different opacity from soft tissue on radiography or computed tomography.

CONTRAST MEDIA

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Other term/s for CONTRAST MEDIA

Contrast agent
Contrast medium

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Contrast media includes:

➢Barium or water
➢Iodine in water
➢Water soluble iodine
➢Iodine mixed with water or oil
➢Sterile saline (salt water)
➢May refer to air occurring naturally or introduced into the body.
➢Paramagnetic substances

(BIWI SAP)

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Barium or water is used for

CM used to make parts of the GI tract opaque.

Iodine in water is used for

Arthrography

Where is water soluble iodine used for?

➢ make blood vessels opaque ➢ demonstrate the inner structures of the urinary tract (kidneys, ureters and bladder) ➢ outline joints (the spaces between two bones).

Iodine mixed with water or oil uses

evaluate the fallopian tubes and lining of the uterus

Sterile saline (salt water) uses

during hysterosonography

CM naturally occuring or is introduced into the body.

Air

Paramagnetic substances uses

CM used in magnetic resonance imaging

Negative CM vs Positive CM

Negative - Radiolucent - Air or CO2 - Low Z material - Xrs easily penetrate - Black on film Positive - Radiopaque - Barium, iodines - High Z material - Absorbs XRs - White on film

A procedure in CT scanning used to produce detailed pictures of the inside of the colon and rectum.

CT – COLONOGRAPHY (CTC)

CTC is also called what?

Virtual colonoscopy.

Procedure that uses - a transducer (probe) to generate high frequency sound waves (2-12MHz) to produce images of the body’s internal structures for medical diagnostic purposes.

DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND

High frequency soundwaves used in diagnostic UTZ to produce image

2-12 MHz

Main component of probe/ transducer

Piezo electric material/ crystals

An application of diagnostic ultrasound used to detect moving blood cells or other moving structures and measure their direction and speed of movement.

DOPPLER ULTRASOUND

Radiation consisting of electric and magnetic waves that travel at the speed of light, such as light, radio waves, gamma rays and x-rays.

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

Differentiate source of XR and gamma ray

XR: XRT Gamma ray: Pt/ radioactive material

A frame housing the x-ray tube, collimators, and detectors in a CT or radiation therapy machine, with a large opening into which the patient is inserted

GANTRY

A mechanical support for mounting a device to be moved in a circular path.

GANTRY

Large opening of a gantry into which the patient is inserted

Bore

A method of angiography utilizing the magnetic properties of tissues and body fluids rather than x-rays to record images.

MRA

A special type of MRI exam that produces detailed images of the hepatobiliary and pancreatic systems, including the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, and pancreatic duct.

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)

A diagnostic radiologic modality, in which the nuclei of the hydrogen atoms in a patient are aligned in a strong, uniform magnetic field, absorb energy from tuned radio pulses, then emit radio signals.

MRI

Imaging examination of the breast by means of x-rays, used for screening and diagnosis of breast disease.

MAMMOGRAPHY

Aside from mammography, what else may be used to image the breast?

UTZ and magnetic resonance

Mammography projections

Craniocaudal (CC) Mediolateral oblique (MLO) Mediolateral (ML) Lateromedial (LM)

➢ The clinical discipline concerned with the diagnostic and therapeutic uses of radionuclides

NUCLEAR MEDICINE

An isotope of artificial or natural origin that exhibits radioactivity

RADIONUCLIDE

A computer system for acquiring, storing, viewing, and managing digital medical imaging studies and related information.

Picture archiving and communication system (PACS)

HIS

Hospital information system

A special case of a HIS tailored to radiological imaging, containing information such as imaging examination orders, schedules on imaging modalities, imaging device parameters, billing codes and information.

Radiology information system (RIS)

Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of x-rays with the findings usually recorded digitally or on film.

RADIOGRAPHY

Differentiate radiolucent from radiopaque

Radiolucent: Almost completely transparent to x-rays. Radiopaque: Impenetrable by x-rays or any other form of radiation.

The imaging of body structures by measuring the reflection or transmission of high frequency sound waves.

ULTRASONOGRAPHY UTZ

A type of x-ray in which contrast material is injected into a vein to show the details of its structure and any abnormality that may be present.

VENOGRAPHY

The ionizing electromagnetic radiation emitted from a vacuum tube, resulting from the bombardment of the target anode with a stream of electrons from a heated cathode.

X-RAY

X-rays are ionizing electromagnetic radiation produced by the excitation of the (1) of an atom by other processes, such as (2) and its (3).

1. inner orbital electrons 2. nuclear delay 3. sequelae

A type of radiation therapy used to treat cancer, involving the placement of a radioactive material, either temporarily or permanently, directly inside the body.

BRACHYTHERAPY

Other term/s for BRACHYTHERAPY

Internal radiation therapy.

Machines used exclusively to treat brain tumors and abnormalities.

Cobalt-60-based or photon radiation therapy machines

Cobalt-60-based or photon radiation therapy machines generate coltages up to ---

300 kVp

Use of a CT image to tailor the radiotherapy beam to the exact size and shape of a tumor.

CONFORMAL RADIATION THERAPY

A type of particle accelerator in which charged particles are propelled by an alternating electric field between two large electrodes in a constant magnetic field created by two large magnets.

CYCLOTRON

A camera that records the distribution of radiation emitted from a chemical containing a radionuclide that is attracted to a specific organ or tissue of interest.

GAMMA CAMERA

A very high frequency form of electromagnetic radiation that consists of photons emitted by radioactive elements.

GAMMA RADIATION

Other term/s for GAMMA RADIATION

Gamma rays

A device imparting high velocity and energy to atomic and subatomic particles; an important device for radiation therapy.

LINEAR ACCELERATOR (LINAC)

Cyclotron vs LINAC

Cyclotron: Protons are pushed forward by alternating electric fields between two large electrodes by two large magents LINAC: electrons ar eused to generate XRs, imparting high velocity and energy to particles

A diagnostic examination that uses small amounts of radioactive materials called radiotracers, a special camera and a computer to help evaluate your organ and tissue functions.

POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET)

The study and use of x-rays or radionuclides to treat abnormal tissue growths (malignant or nonmalignant).

RADIATION THERAPY

Other term/s for RADIATION THERAPY

Radiotherapy

An isotope of artificial or natural origin that exhibits radioactivity.

RADIONUCLIDE

A term used to describe the many types of cellular change that may occur in response to disease.

LESION

Some lesions may be (1), and others may be detected initially only through (2) such as (3)

1. visible immediately 2. diagnostic means 3. laboratory testing

Results in new, abnormal tissue growth

NEOPLASTIC DISEASE

NEOPLASTIC DISEASE results in new, abnormal tissue growth which leads to the formation of either a/n (1) or a/n (2)

1. benign tumor 2. malignant tumor (a neoplasm)

Refers to the process of cellular specialization.

DIFFERENTIATION

Cells are classified as either (1) or (2), depending on the (3) of the new cells to the original cells in the host organ or site.

1. differentiated 2. undifferentiated 3. resemblance

Differentiated vs undifferentiated cells

➢Differentiated - differences are small, and has a LOW probability for malignancy. ➢Poorly differentiated or undifferentiated - cells within the neoplasm exhibit atypical characteristics and have a HIGHER probability of malignancy.

Mutations within the genetic code, which may silence the genes

Tumor-suppressor genes

Mutations within the genetic code, cause them to become overactive

Oncogenes

A general term often used to denote various types of malignant neoplasms.

CANCER

The spread of malignant cancer cells resulting in a secondary tumor distant from the primary lesion

METASTASIS

Types of spread of cancer

➢ Hematogenous spread ➢ Lymphatic spread

Hematogenous vs Lymphatic spread

➢ Hematogenous spread - If the cancerous cells invade the circulatory system, they may be spread via blood vessels ➢ Lymphatic spread- may spread via the lymphatic system

Lymph node into which the primary neoplasm drains

Sentinel node

Cancerous cells spread into surrounding tissue by virtue of the proximity of the areas

Invasion

If the cancerous cells travel to a distant site or distant organ system

Seeding

One type of cancer and is derived from epithelial tissue (adenocarcinoma - colon)

Carcinoma

Cancer which arises from connective tissue

Sarcoma

Cancer which arises from blood cells

Leukemia

Cancer which arises from lymphatic cells

Lymphoma

Procedures in diagnosis and staging of a variety of neoplastic diseases

1. CT 2. MRI 3. PET 4. Radiography 5. Ultrasonography 6. Others a. endoscopic procedures b. identification of tumor markers in blood c. clinical laboratory tests of cells and tissues d. gene profiling MR CUP + IC EnGene

Cancer treatment modalities

1. Radiation therapy in combination with surgery 2. Chemotherapy 3. Hormone or anti-hormone therapy 4. Immunotherapy using biologic response modifiers such as interferon and interleukins 5. Targeted drug therapies CHRIT

Common Goal of Treatment

1. Curative 2. Palliative

Curative goal allows patients to be cancer-free for --- or more, without worrying that it will come bcak

5 years

Palliative goal improves the --- of patient as the disease has no cure; alleviate pain

quality of life

System used in staging and grading cancer

TNM (tumor–node–metastasis) system

The TNM system is based on the premise that cancers of similar (1) or (2) are similar in their patterns of (3) or (4).

1. histology 2. origin 2. growth 4. extension

How is TNM assessed?

»T - the size of the untreated primary cancer or tumor. »N - lymph node involvement »M - distant metastases

How to asses Tumor

* T0 - no evidence a primary tumor exists * T1, T2, T3, and T4 – increasing size or extension.

How to assess lymph node

* N0 - lack of regional lymph node metastasis * N1, N2, and N3 – increasing involvement of regional lymph nodes.

How to assess metastases

* M0 – no distant metastasis * M1 – presence of distant metastasis