Midterm - The Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis

Question 1

No living organism can reproduce without?

Answer 1

CELL DIVISION

Question 2

They divide in order to reproduce.

Answer 2

UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS

Question 3

This produces a continuous supply of REPLACEMENT cells in multicellular organisms.

Answer 3

CELL DIVISION

Question 4

A cell cycle starts when __________, and ends when the cell ________.

Answer 4

NEW CELL FORMS; REPRODUCES

Question 5

This is a series of events from the time a cell forms until its cytoplasm divides,

Answer 5

THE CELL CYCLE

Question 6

What are the THREE (3) PHASES of THE CELL CYCLE?

Answer 6

1) INTERPHASE
2) MITOSIS
3) CYTOPLASMIC DIVISION

Question 7

This is the interval between mitotic divisions when a cell grows, roughly doubles the number of its cytoplasmic components and replicates its DNA.

Answer 7

INTERPHASE

Question 8

This is growth before DNA replication; the cell is metabolizing and growing in preparation for cell division!

Answer 8

G1 or 1st Interval (gap)

Question 9

This is when DNA replication or when the DNA is being synthesized!

Answer 9

S or Interval of Synthesis

Question 10

This is when the cell prepares to divide and produce a large amount of proteins need for division!

Answer 10

G2 or 2nd Interval (gap)

Question 11

There are ______________ for the cell cycle in G1. If these are not removed, the division will not occur.

Answer 11

MOLECULAR BREAKS

Question 12

Different types of cells proceed through the cell cycle at ___________ rates.

Answer 12

DIFFERENT

Question 13

This regulate the cell cycle at different points!

Answer 13

GENE EXPRESSION CONTROLS

Question 14

Loss of cell cycle controls result in ?

Answer 14

CANCER

Question 15

The cell cycle has built-in __________ that allow problems to be corrected before the cycle advances.

Answer 15

CHECKPOINTS

Question 16

These are gene expression controls that advance, delay, or block the cell cycle in response to internal and external conditions.

Answer 16

CHECKPOINT GENE PRODUCTS

Question 17

In what CHEKPOINT is cell growth assessed at?

Answer 17

G1 CHECKPOINT

Question 18

In what CHECKPOINT is DNA replication assessed at?

Answer 18

G2 CHECKPOINT

Question 19

In what CHECKPOINT is mitosis assessed at?

Answer 19

M CHECKPOINT

Question 20

Checkpoint genes whose products inhibit meiosis are called?

Answer 20

TUMOR SUPPRESSORS

Question 21

Disruption of checkpoint gene products, such as by ________ or _______, causes _____ that may end up as ________.

Answer 21

MUTATIONS; VIRUSES; TUMORS; CANCER

Question 22

Failure of cell cycle checkpoints results in the uncontrolled cell divisions that characterize ______.

Answer 22

CANCER

Question 23

What gene plays a key role in the G1 checkpoint of cell division?

Answer 23

P53 GENE

Question 24

This gene product, monitors the integrity of DNA.

Answer 24

P53 PROTEIN

Question 25

If DNA is _______, the protein halts cell division and stimulates _______ ________.

Answer 25

DAMAGED; REPAIR; ENZYMES

Question 26

If the P53 GENE is mutated, what happens?

Answer 26

- CANCEROUS CELLS REPEATEDLY DIVIDE - NO STOPPING AT THE G1 CHECKPOINT

Question 27

Normal or Abnormal P53? Scenario: Step 1: DNA Damage is caused by heat, radiation, or chemicals. Step 2: Cell division stops, and p53 triggers enzymes to repair damaged region. Step 3: p53 triggers the destruction of cells damaged beyond repair.

Answer 27

NORMAL p53

Question 28

Normal or Abnormal P53? Scenario: Step 1: DNA Damage is caused by heat, radiation, or chemicals. Step 2: The p53 protein fails to stop cell division and repair DNA. Cell divides without repair to damaged DNA. Step 3: Damaged cells continue to divide. If other damage accumulates, the cell can turn cancerous.

Answer 28

ABNORMAL

Question 29

Moles and other tumors are __________.

Answer 29

NEOPLASMS

Question 30

This type of mole is noncancerous.

Answer 30

BENIGN NEOPLASM

Question 31

This occurs when abnormally dividing cells disrupt body tissues, physically and metabolically,

Answer 31

MALIGNANT NEOPLASM (CANCER)

Question 32

Malignant neoplasms can_____ ____ and _____ other tissues (________).

Answer 32

BREAK FREE; INVADE; METASTASIZE

Question 33

A fertilized egg, zygote, divided by ?

Answer 33

MITOSIS

Question 34

The fetus grows and develops into a mature adult consisting of _______ ______.

Answer 34

COUNTLESS CELLS

Question 35

Cells reproduce by dividing into two new cells with identical genetic materials and a share of the _____ _________ and its contents.

Answer 35

PARENTAL CYTOPLASM

Question 36

Each descendant cell receives a set of ________ and some cytoplasm.

Answer 36

CHROMOSOMES

Question 37

In eukaryotic cells, which divides first?

Answer 37

NUCLEUS FIRST; CYTOPLASM AFTER

Question 38

Cell division follows TWO (2) BASIC PROCESSES OF DIVIDING the nuclear contents!

Answer 38

MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

Question 39

This is a conservatice nuclear division that produces idetical daughter nuclei.

Answer 39

MITOSIS

Question 40

This process is used for increasing body size and cell replacement.

Answer 40

MITOSIS

Question 41

Some animals, plants, protists, and fungi reproduce asexually using this as a mechanism.

Answer 41

MITOSIS

Question 42

This is a reductive nuclear division that produces FOUR (4) UNIQUE daughter cells with half of the original genetic materials and is the basis for sexual reproduction.

Answer 42

MEIOSIS

Question 43

Were first observed by the German embryologist Walther Fleming in 1882.

Answer 43

CHROMOSOMES

Question 44

Who was the first to observe chrromosomes?

Answer 44

GERMAN EMBRYOLOGIST WALTHER FLEMING (1882)

Question 45

TRUE OR FALSE: The number of chromosomes varies enormously from species to species.

Answer 45

TRUE

Question 46

A species with only one (1) pair of chromosomes.

Answer 46

AUSTRALIAN ANT MYRMECIA spp.

Question 47

Chromosomes exist in ______ cells as pairs: _____________ chromosomes or ___________

Answer 47

SOMATIC; HOMOLOGUS; HOMOLOGUES

Question 48

These cells have two (2) copies of each chromosomes!

Answer 48

DIPLOID

Question 49

What does a replicated chromosomes consist?

Answer 49

TWO SISTER CHROMATIDS held together at the CENTROMERE.

Question 50

Chromosomes are composed of?

Answer 50

CHROMATIN

Question 51

This is a complex of DNA (40%) and PROTEINS (~60%)

Answer 51

CHROMATIN

Question 52

A typical human chromosome contains about how many nucleotides in its DNA?

Answer 52

140 million nucleotides

Question 53

At the end of interphase, a cells' duplicated chromosomes condense tightly in preparation for nuclear division or?

Answer 53

MITOSIS

Question 54

What are the FOUR (4) STAGES of MITOSIS?

Answer 54

1) PROPHASE 2) METAPHASE 3) ANAPHASE 4) TELOPHASE

Question 55

Identify this PHASE in MITOSIS - Chromosomes condense and spindle forms - Nuclear envelope break up - Spindle microtubules attach to chromosomes

Answer 55

PROPHASE

Question 56

This is a dynamically assembled and disassembled array of microtubules that moves chromosomes during nuclear division.

Answer 56

SPINDLE

Question 57

Identify this PHASE in MITOSIS - Duplicated homologous chromosomes LINE UP at the SPINDLE EQUATOR (halfway between spindle poles) - Sister chromatids begin to move apart toward opposite spindle poles.

Answer 57

METAPHASE

Question 58

Identify this PHASE in MITOSIS - Microtubules SEPARATE the sister chromatids of each chromosome and pull them toward opposite spindle poles! - Each DNA molecule is now a separate chromosome!

Answer 58

ANAPHASE

Question 59

Identify this PHASE in MITOSIS - TWO (2) CLUSTERS of chromosomes arrive at the spindle pores and de-condense; a new nuclei form.

Answer 59

TELOPHASE

Question 60

At this point, NUCLEAR ENVELOPES form around the two cluster of chromosomes, forming two new nuclei with the parental chromosome number.

Answer 60

END OF MITOSIS

Question 61

A cell's __________ usually divides after mitosis, forming two cells, each with its own nucleus.

Answer 61

CYTOPLASM

Question 62

Reproductive mode by which offspring arise from two parents and inherit genes from both!

Answer 62

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Question 63

This is the scientific study of heredity and variation.

Answer 63

GENETICS

Question 64

This is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next!

Answer 64

HEREDITY

Question 65

This is demonstrated by the differences in appearance that offspring show from parents and siblings.

Answer 65

VARIATION

Question 66

Meiosis occur in immature reproductive cells ___________ of sexually reproducing eukaryotes, forming male and female haploid gametes.

Answer 66

GERM CELLS

Question 67

This is a mature, haploid reproductive cell.

Answer 67

GAMETE

Question 68

Having one of each type of chromosome characteristics of the species.

Answer 68

HAPLOID (n)

Question 69

This sorts the chromosomes into nuclei twice.

Answer 69

MEIOSIS; MEIOSIS 1 AND 2

Question 70

Duplicated chromosomes of a diploid nucleus (2n) are distributed into four haploid nuclei (n)

Answer 70

MEIOSIS

Question 71

This is where sperm originate.

Answer 71

TESTIS

Question 72

This where eggs develop.

Answer 72

OVARY

Question 73

Diploid number is restored at __________.

Answer 73

FERTILIZATION

Question 74

Fusion of a sperm nucleus and an egg nucleus, resulting in a single-celled zygote.

Answer 74

FERTILIZATION

Question 75

Two nuclear visions halve the parental chromosome number.

Answer 75

MEIOSIS

Question 76

- Diploid (2n) cell formed by fusion of gametes – First cell of a new individual, with two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

Answer 76

ZYGOTE

Question 77

This shuffles parental combinations of alleles, introducing ___________ in offspring.

Answer 77

MEIOSIS; VARIATION

Question 78

When does "CROSSINMG OVER" occur in MEIOSIS?

Answer 78

PROPHASE I

Question 79

When does "RANDOM ASSORTMENT" occur?

Answer 79

METAPHASE I

Question 80

Identify what phase in MEIOSIS is this: - In the first nuclear division, duplicated homologous chromosomes line up and cross over, then move apart, toward opposite spindle poles. - Two new nuclear envelopes form around the two clusters of still-duplicated chromosomes.

Answer 80

MEIOSIS I

Question 81

This is the recombination between non-sister chromatids of homologous combinations of parental alleles.

Answer 81

CROSSING OVER

Question 82

Homologous chromosomes exchange corresponding segment during what phase of meiosis?

Answer 82

PROPHASE I

Question 83

- The second nuclear division separates sister chromatids. - FOUR (4) HAPLOID nuclei typically form, each with one complete set of unduplicated chromosomes.

Answer 83

MEIOSIS II