Military Campaigns And Expansions Abroad

Question 1

When army of Italy - Napoleon (2)

Answer 1

As a reward for vendemiaire
March 1796 = commander in chief of the army of Italy

Question 2

What Italian campaign Napoleon (2)

Answer 2

Napoleon was inexperienced so didn’t take on main thrust
Limited objectives of holding back Austrians in Italy by way of diversion

Question 3

What did Napoleon set about according to properganda - Italy (2)

Answer 3

Transform French army of Italy from demoralised, poorly equipped undernourished and unpaid men
To courageous and capable fighting force

Question 4

How did Napoleon transform army - Italy (2)

Answer 4

Arranged for troops to be paid in silver rather than paper money
Confidence boosted by rapid victories in montenotte campaign against Austrian allies

Question 5

Montenotte capamaign victory (3)

Answer 5

Started in 10 April 1796
Until armistamce of Cherasco on 28 April
Piedmont-Sardinia withdrew from first war of coalition

Question 6

Montenotte campaign result (2)

Answer 6

Savoy and nice given to France
Provided France with supplies, munitions and guarantee of free passage through piedmont for French troops

Question 7

Pope and king of Naples - what (2)

Answer 7

Tales of Napoleon exploits = signed rapid treaties with French
Payed indemnities (protection money) = after defeat in war as a condition of peace

Question 8

How much was indemnity (2)

Answer 8

21 million livre
800,000 livre in shipping costs = painting and artwork

Question 9

When - battle of Lodi

Answer 9

May 1796

Question 10

What after battle of Lodi (3)

Answer 10

Established two client states: one in south + one in north
After further victories = merged = Cisalpine republic of June 1797
Capital in Milan with directory, ministers + two-chamber legislature of own nominees

Question 11

Treaty with austria (2)

Answer 11

Treaty of campo formio of 17 October 1797
Napoleon agreed without negotiating directory

Question 12

What did treaty with Austria agree (4+)

Answer 12

Recognition of French control over Austrian Netherlands
Acceptance of French Cisplane and Ligurian republics - French recognised Austrian influence over part of Venetian republic
Recognition of French Rhine
French possession of several islands in Mediterranean and Venetian islands in the Adriatic

Question 13

What had Napoleon achieved when returned to Paris - Italy (5)

Answer 13

Reshaped map of Europe
Ended war of first coalition - only at war with British
Major step in Napoleons fame
No final peace between HRE + France
War of second coalition broke out 1799

Question 14

How did Napoleon rescue the directory

Answer 14

He sent general Augereau to purge royalists from council of 500 in coup of fructidor in September 1797

Question 15

What and Napoleon shown - Italy (2)

Answer 15

Ability as military commander and diplomat and state maker
New republics = political leadership + law making

Question 16

Why Egypt (4)

Answer 16

Protect French trad interests
Attack British commerce in east Mediterranean
Undermine Bristains access to India and East Indies
Distract British navy = potential invasion of England possible

Question 17

When did he set of for Egypt (3)

Answer 17

May 1798
Mary of the orient
35000 troops

Question 18

When did he reach Egypt (2)

Answer 18

July 1798
Defeated Egyptians in battle of pyramids in July

Question 19

Bad - Napoleon + British in Egypt

Answer 19

Admiral nelson = British naval squad
Nest on destroyed French fleet in august = cut Napoleon off from France

Question 20

The siege of Jaffa (5)

Answer 20

Syria
13000 men took in march 1799
Shot 2000 prisoners
Executed Turkish governor
Allowed soldiers 2 days of slaughter + rape

Question 21

What led to second war of coalition (3+)

Answer 21

Napoleons expulsion of knights of St. John from Malta in 1798 when on his way to Egypt
Angered Tsar of Russia = honorary head of the order
Austria took advantage of N involvement with Egypt and linked up with Britain, Russia, Portugal, Ottoman Empire and several German + Italian states

Question 22

What 2 coalition (3)

Answer 22

Mounted several invasions
Campaigns in Italy, Switzerland and a Anglo Russian invasion of Netherlands
N received reports Russia and Austria on French borders

Question 23

When Napoleon reached France from Egypt what (5)

Answer 23

October 1799
Enemies been repelled
Russia withdrew from coalition
Directory in weak position = coups + purges
Napoleon viewed as a saviour

Question 24

How did he improve army organisation (3)

Answer 24

Developed self contained and relatively small army corps of 10,000-30,000
Each composed of infantry, artillery, and cavalry rather than traditional diversions of soldier type
Moved troops along different routes to deceive enemy = ‘march divided, fight united’

Question 25

What, who + exmaple of the ‘forced march’ (3)

Answer 25

Napoleon developed it
Used speed to take men along long distances to surprise enemy
General Augereau (Italy campaign) corps marched 80km in 36 hours

Question 26

How was speed improved (2)

Answer 26

Made men live of the land
Didn’t wait for lumbering supply wagons

Question 27

Sheer force of personality- what (3)

Answer 27

Cultivated men through speeches and bulletins
Lead by example = travelled with troops
Ensured troops were well fed, paid and supplied

Question 28

How much work did he put

Answer 28

Sometimes known to put in 18-20 hours a day