Social Change

Question 1

Example of how opptunity had been offered (3)

Answer 1

General Augereau
Son of Parisian fruit seller
Rose to become grand officer of the legion of honour and Marshall of France

Question 2

Limits to opportunity offered (2+)

Answer 2

There was a limit to how much those in lower society could advance themselves in the military
Napoleon only interested in those who were educated and of wealth

Question 3

What + when ordre national de la legion d’honour (3)

Answer 3

1802 established
Reward those who served him well and showed loyalty
Military and civilian award

Question 4

Who were awarded the legion de honour (3)

Answer 4

By 1814
Of 32000 awards
Only 1500 went to civilians the rest military

Question 5

What + when napoloenaic nobility

Answer 5

Award gave title of knight of the empire

Question 6

Women award the legion dhonour (3)

Answer 6

Virginie = disguised herself as man
Marie-Jeanne schelling
Sister Anne biget = nun

Question 7

Titles created by NB (3)

Answer 7

Princely titles to members of his family after coronation
1806 = ducal titles created for marshals of France
Imperial nobility

Question 8

What was the imperial nobility (2+)

Answer 8

Founded in march 1808
Included counts, barons, knights + princes

Question 9

Who were titles given to (3)

Answer 9

59% of titles = military men
22.5% of those enobled by NB = from Ancien regime nobility
Helped secure Ralliement

Question 10

Why was new nobility different though

Answer 10

Only a seventh of the size of the one in 1789

Question 11

What could a retiring senator expect to receive (3)

Answer 11

Title of count
Country estate + residence
Annual income of 25000 francs

Question 12

When + what new law established - education (3)

Answer 12

May 1802
State primary school in each commune
Lycees provide secondary schooling to boys

Question 13

What did Napoleon ensure - lycees (2)

Answer 13

Run with military discipline
Taught a modern, secular curriculum

Question 14

How were Napoleon lycees split (4)

Answer 14

Boys divided into those destined for a civil or military career
Civil = taught languages + philosophy
Military = maths, physics, chemistry
Both guaranteed employment in chosen career after graduation

Question 15

Who took up places in lycees (2)

Answer 15

Of the 6400 places available:
2400 = sons of socliders and civil servants = Napoleons notables

Question 16

What was the imperial university + when (3+)

Answer 16

March 1808
Act as supervisory and not a teaching institution
Ensured all education confirmed to certain standards

Question 17

What was the imperial university responsible for (3++)

Answer 17

Teacher training = all staff required to give oath of loyalty and obedience
Setting up of new schools
The curriculum = standardised across all of France
Annual reports to Napoleon

Question 18

NB view on women (3)

Answer 18

Destined for marriage
Marriage purpose = acquiring and transmitting property and children
Limited interest in female education + primary school was deemed efficient

Question 19

When civil code

Answer 19

1804

Question 20

What civil code of 1804 (3)

Answer 20

Women granted marginally more control over property when married
Introduced divorce by mutual consent
Still majorly unequal

Question 21

How where newspapers reduced - specific (3)

Answer 21

January 1800
Reduced from 73 to 13
By 1801 = only 4

Question 22

How were newspapers controlled (3)

Answer 22

All newspapers subject to police supervision
Censors appointed to each paper from 1809
Gov published its own paper - Le moniteur

Question 23

Where powers were police given (2)

Answer 23

Search a publishers shop and seize books
Fine of 2000 francs could be given to those possessing illegal work

Question 24

Napoleons properganda (3+)

Answer 24

Self glorification
‘The myth of the saviour’ = bringing order out of chaos
Chaos was the product of too much liberty = saving France from excesses of the revolution

Question 25

What properganda paintings (2)

Answer 25

Produced official painting of the imperial coronation Popes hand raised in blessing

Question 26

What was the distribution of eagle standards (3+)

Answer 26

Painting - December 1804 Eagle = ancient Roman legions symbol Distributed to regiments = instil pride and loyalty among troops

Question 27

What programme did Napoleon embark on (3+)

Answer 27

Rebuilding public works in Paris = creating a positive image Some was functional = roads + fountains New buildings = opportunity to implement sculptures and statures

Question 28

Examples of show pieces which glorifies the regime (3)

Answer 28

Rebuilding of the old church of La Madeleine as the temple of glory The vendome column Arc de trimophe

Question 29

What would religion help NB with (3+)

Answer 29

Ralliement + amalgame Priests who encourage acceptance and obedience Social order

Question 30

How did Napoleon first show support for religion (2)

Answer 30

December 1799 decree = churches open any day of the week July 1800 = authorised that Sunday should be a day of rest

Question 31

What did ascension fo new pope mean + what (3)

Answer 31

Pope pius VII in 1800 Excuse for reconciliation Agreement in 1801

Question 32

Why could Napoleon get favourable terms with pope

Answer 32

Strong position of French army in Italy

Question 33

When was concordat

Answer 33

15 July 1801

Question 34

What agreed in concordat (3)

Answer 34

Pope recognised as head of the Catholic Church Catholic worship = freely available Pope recognised new French regime and promised not to try and reclaim church land

Question 35

When was the concordat published and what was it followed by

Answer 35

April 1802 Organic articles

Question 36

What was the organic articles (3-+)

Answer 36

Stated that the gov approval had to be given before any papal legate entered France or any papal document was published Guaranteed religious toleration Protestant ministers to take an oath of loyalty and be paid the same as catholic priests

Question 37

Religious toleration to who (2+)

Answer 37

700,000 Protestants 40,000 Jews

Question 38

What Napoleon and Jews (2+)

Answer 38

1804 = freedom of conscience for all 1807 = meeting with 45 rabbis = discuss proposals for Greta assimilation

Question 39

What did the concordat help do (3+)

Answer 39

Win over uncertain royalists Reassure notables that church land was safe NB had authority over appointment of bishops + clergy = spread properganda

Question 40

Difference between the church of 1802 and ancien regime (3+)

Answer 40

Ancien regime = 150 bishops + 130,000 clergy Under concordat = 60 bishops + 36000 clergy Church’s land + tax = gone forever

Question 41

Aftermath of concordat (4+)

Answer 41

Refractory priests came out of hiding Churches reopened Churchmen = bigger role in education Degree of harmony was achieved

Question 42

Why did Napoleon relationship with pope deteriorate (2)

Answer 42

French ambitions in Italy Way NB treated the pope

Question 43

How did NB treat the pope (2+)

Answer 43

Humiliation at the coronation of NB Ignored when NB issued a new Catholic Church catechism to be taught in schools

Question 44

What is a catechism (2+)

Answer 44

Stamens of belief Usually consists of a series of questions and answers which believers memorise

Question 45

What did NB catechism consist of (2+)

Answer 45

Statements of love, respect, obedience and loyalty towards NB Referred to him as the agent of gods power and ‘his image on earth’

Question 46

What caused old tensions to resurface with pope and Italy (2+)

Answer 46

1808 = French occupied Rome 1809 = pope imprisoned