Mitosis Test

Question 1

Asexual Reproduction

Answer 1

• A type of process of reproduction involving a single parent that results in an offspring that is genetically identical to the parent

-Characteristics:

 -Genetically identical offspring is produced from parent

-Occurs in single celled organisms —-> unicellular

-Quick and successful

-Lacks genetic diversity

Question 2

Sexual Reproduction

Answer 2

• A type of reproduction in which cells from two parent cells unite to form the first cell of a new organism

Characteristics:

-Organism is produced by 2 parent cells

-Occurs in multicellular organisms

-Offsprings produced inherit some of their parents genetic information ---> variation

-Produces genetic diversity

Question 3

What organism uses both asexual and sexual Reproduction?

Answer 3

Plants

Question 4

What is the cause of limited cell size?

Answer 4

The cause of limited cell size is the decreased flow of nutrients/wastes and limited DNA in the cell needed to provide information for cell functioning and the effect is cell division

Question 5

what happens to the surface area to volume ration as the cell increases in size?

Answer 5

-the ratio decreases leading the cell to not function as effectively because it is experiencing struggles to remove waste

Question 6

Cell Division

Answer 6

Process in which a cell divides into two new identical daughter cells

Question 7

What needs to be duplicated before a cell can go through cell division?

Answer 7

DNA

Question 8

Steps in the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

Answer 8

-Interphase

-G 1 Phase

-S Phase

-G2 Phase

-M Phase

-Mitosis

-Cytokinesis

Question 9

G1 Phase

Answer 9

-The cell is growing (doing regular cell jobs)

 -Phase in interphase

Question 10

S Phase

Answer 10

-The cell copies its DNA (still living its life)

-Phase in interphase

Question 11

G2 Phase

Answer 11

-The cell makes final preparation to divide (still living its life)

-Phase in interphase

Question 12

What are the processes in cell division?

Answer 12

-M Phase

  -Mitosis

   -Cytokinesis

Question 13

What are the steps of Mitosis

Answer 13

-Prophase

-Metaphase

-Anaphase

-Telophase

Question 14

Mitosis

Answer 14

The division of the nucleus (4 stages)

Question 15

Prophase

Answer 15

-Nucleus breaks down

-Spindle forms and attaches to centromere

-Chromatin condenses into chromosomes

Question 16

Chromatin

Answer 16

Tightly packed DNA protein

Difference between chromatin and chromatid:

chromatin is the DNA-protein complex that makes up chromosomes, while a chromatid is one of the two identical copies of a replicated chromosome, joined at the centromere.

Question 17

Chromatid

Answer 17

each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division.

Difference of chromatin and chromatid:

chromatin is the DNA-protein complex that makes up chromosomes, while a chromatid is one of the two identical copies of a replicated chromosome, joined at the centromere.

Question 18

Centromere

Answer 18

the region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach

Question 19

Metaphase

Answer 19

Chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell

Question 20

Anaphase

Answer 20

-Chromosomes/sister chromatids are split apart (now becoming individual chromosomes) and move towards the ends of the cell

Question 21

Telophase

Answer 21

-Nuclei reforms

-Spindle detaches and breaks down

-Chromosomes unravel to form chromatin

Question 22

Cytokinesis

Answer 22

The division of the cytoplasm

Question 23

What occurs during the telophase that signifies the end of mitosis?

Answer 23

The spindle dissolves and the nuclear envelope reforms

Question 24

How do chromosomes different in prokaryote and eukaryotes?

Answer 24

-In animal cells, the chromosomes are similar to a drawstring and a cell plate forms

Question 25

What do internal Regulators control?

Answer 25

-They control the events of the cell cycle by responding to events inside the cell -Checkpoints assure the cell activities are completed before the next phase occurs

Question 26

What do External Regulators control?

Answer 26

-They control events of the cell cycle by responding to events outside the cell -Growth factors

Question 27

Growth factor

Answer 27

One of a group of external regulatory proteins that stimulate the growth and division of cells

Question 28

Cyclin

Answer 28

-A kind of internal regulatory proteins that regulates the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells

Question 29

Apoptosis

Answer 29

-The process of programmed cell death

Question 30

CDK

Answer 30

Proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells

Question 31

What happens to CDK and Cyclin during the cell cycle?

Answer 31

Cyclin binds with CDK to go through checkpoints -Cyclin activates CDK

Question 32

Cancer

Answer 32

Uncontrollable cell growth and division -A disorder in which the body's own cells lose ability to control cell growth -Cancer cells do not respond to the cell cycle regulators

Question 33

Tumor

Answer 33

-Masses of cells form uncontrolled division; may damage surrounding tissues -Sometimes caused by a checkpoint gene mutation and control over cell division is lost -Cancer cells may break loose from tumors and spread throughout the body and disrupt normal activities -Metastysis

Question 34

Types of Tumors

Answer 34

-Benin ---> a mass of cancer cells all in one place (localized, does not spread very quickly) -Malignant ---> larger masses of cancer cells in which cells start to break away from the masses (spreads throughout the whole body)

Question 35

Metastasize

Answer 35

When malignant tumors lose cancer cells and they start to spread around the body, forming new tumors

Question 36

Cell Differentiation

Answer 36

-The process of a cell becoming specialized

Question 37

Diploid

Answer 37

Normal cell number Ex: Humans start with 46 chromosomes and after mitosis they still have 46 chromosomes

Question 38

P53

Answer 38

-The guardian of the genome -Searches for errors in DNA and stops the cell from continuing its process if it has errors: protects from cancer -Almost all cancers have mutations in P53

Question 39

What are chromosomes moved by?

Answer 39

Spindle fibers/the spindle