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DNA Structure and Replication Test Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the primary objective of Griffith’s experiment?

A

To determine whether DNA is the genetic material.

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2
Q

What type of organism did Griffith use in his experiment?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria.

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3
Q

What are the two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae used in Griffith’s experiment?

A

Smooth (S) strain and Rough (R) strain.

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4
Q

True or False: The S strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae is virulent.

A

True.

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5
Q

True or False: The R strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae is virulent.

A

False.

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6
Q

What was the outcome when Griffith injected mice with the S strain?

A

The mice died.

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7
Q

What was the outcome when Griffith injected mice with the R strain?

A

The mice survived.

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8
Q

What happened when Griffith injected mice with heat-killed S strain?

A

The mice survived.

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9
Q

What was the surprising result when Griffith injected mice with a mixture of heat-killed S strain and live R strain?

A

The mice died.

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10
Q

What did Griffith conclude from his experiment regarding the R strain?

A

The R strain was transformed into a virulent form.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: Griffith’s experiment demonstrated the phenomenon of __________.

A

transformation.

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12
Q

What did Griffith call the substance responsible for transformation?

A

The transforming principle.

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13
Q

True or False: Griffith identified DNA as the transforming principle.

A

False.

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14
Q

Which subsequent scientists built upon Griffith’s findings to identify DNA as the genetic material?

A

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty.

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15
Q

What method did Griffith use to kill the S strain bacteria?

A

Heat.

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16
Q

What is the significance of Griffith’s experiment in the field of genetics?

A

It provided early evidence that DNA is the genetic material.

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17
Q

True or False: The R strain bacteria were able to take up the genetic material from the dead S strain.

A

True.

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18
Q

What type of scientific approach did Griffith’s experiment represent?

A

An experimental approach in microbiology.

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19
Q

In Griffith’s experiment, what did the surviving mice indicate about the R strain?

A

That the R strain was non-virulent before transformation.

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20
Q

What was the main observation that led Griffith to hypothesize about transformation?

A

The presence of live R strain in the dead S strain mixture.

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21
Q

Fill in the blank: The process by which a non-virulent strain becomes virulent is known as __________.

A

transformation.

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22
Q

What year did Griffith conduct his experiment?

A

1928.

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23
Q

What type of experiment is Griffith’s work considered?

A

A classic experiment in molecular biology.

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24
Q

How did Griffith’s experiment influence future research in genetics?

A

It prompted further investigations into the nature of the transforming principle.

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25
True or False: Griffith's experiment provided direct evidence that proteins were the genetic material.
False.
26
What was the main limitation of Griffith's conclusions?
He did not identify the chemical nature of the transforming principle.
27
28
What was the main goal of the Avery experiment?
To identify the substance responsible for transformation in bacteria.
29
True or False: The Avery experiment demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material.
True
30
Fill in the blank: The Avery experiment was conducted in the year _____.
1944
31
Which bacterium was used in Avery's experiment?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
32
What are the two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae used in the experiment?
Smooth (S) strain and Rough (R) strain
33
What property did the S strain of bacteria have?
It was virulent and had a smooth capsule.
34
What property did the R strain of bacteria have?
It was non-virulent and lacked a capsule.
35
What did Avery and his colleagues use to treat the heat-killed S strain?
They used enzymes to destroy proteins, RNA, and DNA.
36
In the Avery experiment, what was the result when DNA was destroyed?
Transformation did not occur.
37
What conclusion did Avery draw from his experiment?
DNA is the transforming principle responsible for heredity.
38
True or False: The Avery experiment was the first to suggest that DNA could be the genetic material.
True
39
What type of experiment did Avery conduct to demonstrate transformation?
A series of controlled experiments using bacterial cultures.
40
How did the Avery experiment influence the field of genetics?
It provided strong evidence that DNA is the genetic material.
41
What did Avery's findings challenge in the scientific community?
The prevailing belief that proteins were the genetic material.
42
Fill in the blank: The transforming principle identified by Avery was _____.
DNA
43
What is the significance of the term 'transformation' in the context of the Avery experiment?
It refers to the process by which a non-virulent strain acquires virulence.
44
Which other scientists' work did Avery's experiment build upon?
Frederick Griffith's work on bacterial transformation.
45
What method did Avery use to isolate DNA from the bacteria?
Fractionation and enzymatic digestion.
46
True or False: Avery's experiment was initially accepted without skepticism.
False
47
What did Avery and his team conclude about RNA and proteins in their experiments?
They concluded that neither RNA nor proteins could be the genetic material.
48
What is one limitation of the Avery experiment?
It did not directly prove that DNA is the genetic material in all organisms.
49
What did the Avery experiment ultimately lead to in molecular biology?
The understanding that DNA carries genetic information.
50
Fill in the blank: Avery's experiment was a pivotal moment in the discovery of the _____.
structure and function of DNA
51
What did Avery use to demonstrate that DNA was the transforming principle?
He used enzyme treatments that specifically targeted DNA.
52
True or False: The Avery experiment was conducted in a laboratory setting.
True
53
Which enzyme did Avery use to destroy DNA in his experiments?
Deoxyribonuclease
54
55
What was the main objective of the Hershey and Chase experiment?
To determine whether DNA or protein is the genetic material.
56
True or False: The Hershey and Chase experiment used bacteriophages.
True
57
Fill in the blank: Hershey and Chase labeled the DNA of the bacteriophage with ______.
Radioactive phosphorus
58
Fill in the blank: Hershey and Chase labeled the protein coat of the bacteriophage with ______.
Radioactive sulfur
59
What type of organism did Hershey and Chase use in their experiment?
Bacteria
60
What was the name of the bacteriophage used in the Hershey and Chase experiment?
T2 bacteriophage
61
True or False: The results showed that the protein coat entered the bacterial cells.
False
62
What was observed inside the bacterial cells after the infection?
Radioactive phosphorus from the DNA
63
What conclusion did Hershey and Chase draw from their experiment?
DNA is the genetic material.
64
What method did Hershey and Chase use to separate the phage coats from the bacterial cells?
Blending and centrifugation
65
Multiple Choice: What did Hershey and Chase use to track the DNA? A) Radioactive carbon, B) Radioactive sulfur, C) Radioactive phosphorus.
C) Radioactive phosphorus
66
Multiple Choice: What did Hershey and Chase use to track the protein? A) Radioactive carbon, B) Radioactive sulfur, C) Radioactive nitrogen.
B) Radioactive sulfur
67
What did the Hershey and Chase experiment ultimately support regarding the central dogma of molecular biology?
That DNA carries genetic information.
68
True or False: The Hershey and Chase experiment confirmed that proteins are the genetic material.
False
69
What technique was used to visualize the radioactivity in the experiment?
Autoradiography
70
Fill in the blank: The experiment was conducted in the year ______.
1952
71
What was the significance of the Hershey and Chase experiment in genetics?
It provided strong evidence that DNA is the genetic material.
72
What were the two major components of the T2 bacteriophage?
DNA and protein
73
Multiple Choice: Which of the following was NOT a component of the T2 bacteriophage? A) DNA, B) RNA, C) Protein.
B) RNA
74
What did the presence of radioactive phosphorus in the bacteria indicate?
That DNA had entered the bacterial cells.
75
True or False: The Hershey and Chase experiment disproved the protein hypothesis.
True
76
Fill in the blank: The experiment helped to establish DNA as the ______ material in all living organisms.
Genetic
77
What was the role of the blender in the Hershey and Chase experiment?
To separate the phage coats from the bacterial cells.
78
Identify the type of virus used in the Hershey and Chase experiment.
Bacteriophage
79
What was the impact of the Hershey and Chase experiment on the field of molecular biology?
It revolutionized the understanding of genetic material.
80
Central Dogma
Describes the flow of genetic information within the cells stating that information flows from DNA to RNA
81
Summary of Proccess of Inquiry
-Griffith's work with mice and transformation -Avery's experiments --> identifying DNa as the transforming agent -Hershey and Chase's findings that DNa held the genetic material -Franklin - x ray crystallography -Chargaff a=t and g=c -Watson and crick - used data to build a model
82
Summary of Griffith's Experiment
-Documented bacterial transformation -Observed disease causing bacteria injecting their harmful properties into harmless bacteria; process known as transformation
83
Summary of Avery's Experiment
-Repeated Griffith's work to determine how transformation worked, he used 4 enzymes to destroy proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, RNA and DNA. -When they destroyed the DNa transformation did not occur meaning DNa is the transforming principle
84
Hershey and Chase Experiment
-Used radioactive isotopes to tag proteins and DNa of a bacteriophage, the results shared that transformation did not occur -Conclusion: DNa and not the protein coat held genetic material
85
Chargaff Discovery Summary
Discovered that in a sample of DNA, the percentage of A's was equal to the percentage of T's and it was the same for G and C
86
Franklin
Used x ray patterns to determine that DNa twist around each other like a spiral staircase -Figured out DNA was a double helix structure
87
4 enzymes
-DNA polymerase -DNA Helicase -DNA Ligase -DNA Primase
88
When does DNA get replicated?
S phase
89
Why is DNA considered to be semi conservative?
Because half of the original DNA strand is conserved in the new strand of DNA that was replicated
90
What are the nucleotides that make up DNA
-Sugar (deoxyribose) -Phosphate -Nitrogenous base (ATGC)
91
DNA Polymerase
The enzyme that builds DNA
92
DNA Helicase
The enzyme that unzips DNA
93
DNA Ligase
The enzyme that glues DNA fragments together
94
DNA Primase
Synthesizes short RNA primers on single stranded DNA
95
Original Parental DNA
Original Double Helix
96
Leading strand
Synthesized continuously in one direction
97
Lagging Strand
synthesized discountinously; replicated in short fragments (okazaki)
98
Okazaki Fragments
Short, newly synthesized DNA Fragments
99
Replication fork
Where DNa is unzipping
100
Steps of DNA Replication
101
DNa in prokaryotes
circular
102
DNA in eukaryotes
linear
103
Bacteriophage
viruses that infect and replicate only in bacterial cells
104
Transformation
a bacterial cell takes up foreign DNA from its environment and incorporates it into its own genome.

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