RNA Test

Question 2

Central Dogma

Answer 2

The flow of genetic information within a cell (DNA —> RNA —-> Protein)

Question 3

RNA

Answer 3

-Ribonucleic acid

-Nucleic acid made of nucleotides

-Single stranded

-RNA nucleotide:

ribose sugar

phosphate group

nitrogenous base

Question 4

mRNA

Answer 4

The type of RNA that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell

-Involved in both transcription and translation

Question 5

mRNA’s role in transcription

Answer 5

serves as the primary RNA product carrying genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where it is used to synthesize proteins

Question 6

mRNA’s role in translation

Answer 6

acts as a template, carrying the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes, where it is read to synthesize proteins

Question 7

tRNA

Answer 7

The type of RNA that carries each amino acid to the ribosome during protein synthesis

Question 8

tRNA’s role in translation

Answer 8

In translation, tRNA molecules act as adaptors, delivering the correct amino acids to the ribosome based on the mRNA codons.

Question 9

rRNA

Answer 9

-Type of RNA that carries each amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis

Question 10

rRNA’s involvement in transcription and translation

Answer 10

The ribosomes are composed of rRNA and these rRNAs molecules hold ribosomal proteins in place and carry out the chemical reactions that join amino acids

Question 11

Transcription

Answer 11

-Process from making mRNA from a DNA template [gene]

-Occurs in the nucleus

-Initiation

 -DNA polymerase binds with the prometer
 
 -DNA polymerase separates the strands of DNA

-Elongation

   -RNA polymerase builds the mRNA following the basic pair rules

-Termination

   -RNA polymerase reaches a termination sequence

 -RNA polymerase falls off the DNA

Question 12

mRNA editing

Answer 12

-mRNA splicing

-Introns are spliced out of the RNA (stays in the nucleus)

-Exons are spliced together making the final  mRNA molecule leave the nucleus

-Poly A tail (3’)

-Abunch of adenines are added to the 3’ side to protect it from being broken down

-Modified guanine cap (5’)

 -Guanines are added to one end of the mRNA to protect it from being broken down

-Final mRNA molecule goes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Question 13

Translation

Answer 13

-Process of making protein/polypeptides from the mRNA

-Occrus on the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

-Initiation:

-MRNA, the ribosome, and the first tRNA carrying the methionine bind together

-Elongation

-After the ribosome slides down, tRNAs read the next codon and bring the next amino acids that match that codon

-Termination

 -Stop codon is reached and ribosome detaches and amino acids form into protein/polypeptide

Question 14

What molecules are involved in protein synthesis? What are their function?

Answer 14

-DNA provides the instructions

-mRNA carries the genetic code

-tRNA delivers amino acids

-rRNA forms ribosomes (where protein synthesis mainly happens)

-Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins

Question 15

Codon

Answer 15

-Location: mRNA

-a sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid during protein synthesis.

Question 16

Anticodon

Answer 16

-Location: tRNA

• sequence of three nucleotides found on a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule that recognizes and binds to a specific codon on a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule during protein synthesis

Question 17

Point mutations

Answer 17

-Gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed

Question 18

Frameshift mutation

Answer 18

Mutation that shifts the “reading frame” of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide