MOD 3: BIOLOGICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL IMPORTANCE Flashcards by CHESKA CIANNELLE FRANCISCO

having VERY LITTLE or NO THERAPEUTICAL VALUE but are necessary in the manufacture of various dosage forms
should be of same quality as therapeutic agent
PHARMACEUTICAL NECESSITIES
may be required for such purposes as; excipient, preservations, stabilization, acidification, alkalization, etc.

PHARMACEUTICAL AIDS

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a part of a drug product ASIDE from the ACTIVE INGREDIENT

EXCIPIENT

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for ANALYTICAL PURPOSES
as BUFFER systems
to DISSOLVE insoluble medicinals
preparation of EFFERVESCENT MIXTURES (render oral drugs more palatable)

ACIDS AND BASES

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sol for LIDOCAINE HCl Inj. USP

LIDOCAINE + HCl

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sol for NIACIN inj. USP

NIACIN + NaOH

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base
source of CO2

SODIUM BICARBONATE

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citric acid
tartaric acid
sodium dihydrogen phosphate

ACIDS

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3 theories that acids and bases can be defined

ARRHENIUS
BRONSTED-LOWRY
LEWIS

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it involves the hydrogen
- formation / production of hydrogen
- liberates H+

ARRHENIUS ACID

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produce HYDROXIDE ions

ARRHENIUS BASE

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PROTON
DONATES hydrogen
a substance that can DONATE PROTON

BRONSTED-LOWRY ACID

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PROTON
ACCEPTS hydrogen
a substance that can ACCEPT PROTON

BRONSTED-LOWRY BASE

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electron pair ACCEPTOR

LEWIS ACID

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electron pair DONOR

LEWIS BASE

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35-38% (w/w) HCl

HYDROCHLORIC ACID USP

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Hydrochloric acid USP
Diluted Hydrochloric acid USP
Arsenious acid
Nitrohydrochloric acid

HYDROCHLORIC ACID

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9.5-10.5% (w/w) HCl
- treatment of GASTRIC ACHLORYDRIA (lack of HCl)

DILUTED HYDROCHLORIC ACID USP

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lack of HCl

GASTRIC ACHLORHYDRIA

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ARSENIC CHLORIDE SOLUTION
HCl converts arsenic trioxide to arsenic trichloride

ARSENIOUS ACID

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NITROMURIATIC ACID
AQUA REGIA - kingly water
in diluted form: activates PEPSIN

NITROHYDROCHLORIC ACID

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KINGLY WATER

AQUA REGIA

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mixture of acid that can DISSOLVE GOLD

AQUA REGIA

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enzyme that can digest proteins

PEPSIN

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- EAU FORTE - AQUA FORTIS - strong water - used in manufacture of EXPLOSIVES, nitrates - Ferric subsulfate solution - Mercuric nitrate solution - Bismuth magma

NITRIC ACID

- MONSEL'S SOLUTION - nitric acid oxidizes ferrous ion to ferric ion

FERRIC SUBSULFATE SOLUTION

- nitric acid converts BISMUTH SUBNITRATE to nitrate

BISMUTH MAGMA

- Phosphoric acid USP - Diluted Phosphoric acid USP

PHOSPHORIC ACID

85-88% (w/w) H3PO4

PHOSPHORIC ACID USP

9.5-10.5% (w/) H3PO4

DILUTED PHOSPHORIC ACID USP

- Sulfuric acid USP - Saccharated Ferrous carbonate

SULFURIC ACID

94-98% (w/w) H2SO4

SULFURIC ACID USP

diluted H2SO4 as ACIDIFIER

SACCHARATED FERROUS CARBONATE

- Kaolin cataplasm - Boric acid solution - Boric acid ointment - Lister's solution - Compound zinc sulfate powder

BORIC ACID

ANTISEPTIC SOLUTION

LISTER'S SOLUTION

ANTISEPTIC POWDER

COMPOUND ZINC SULFATE POWDER

used as STANDARD SOLUTION in ACID-BASE TITRATION

SODIUM HYDROXIDE

similar no NaOH but MORE DELIQUESCENT, STRONGER AND MORE EXPENSIVE than NAOH

POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE

- HYDRATED LIME / SLAKED LIME - mixed with 3-4x of water: MILK OF LIME - saturated aqueous solution: LIME WATER - antacid - mild astringent - saponifying agent for oils

CALCIUM HYDROXIDE

CALCIUM HYDROXIDE mixed with 3-4x water

MILK OF LIME

CALCIUM HYDROXIDE saturated aqueous solution

LIME WATER

- anhydrous: SODA ASH - decahydrate: SAL SODA, WASHING SODA - as anhydrous: BUFFER preparations - as solution: LOTION preparations

SODIUM CARBONATE

SODIUM CARBONATE anhydrous

SODA ASH

SODIUM CARBONATE as decahydrate

SAL SODA, WASHING SODA

SODIUM CARBONATE as anhydrous

BUFFER PREP

SODIUM CARBONATE as solution

LOTION PREP

- STRONGER ammonia water - 27-29% NH3 - used in manufacture of ammonium salts, nitric acid, fertilizers

STRONG AMMONIA SOLUTION

- AMMONIA WATER - 9-10% NH3 - Spirit of Hartshorn: product of destructive distillation of HORNS OF MALE DEER - Household ammonia: for CLEANING and WASHING due to water softening and saponifying properties

DILUTED AMMONIA SOLUTION

ability of substance to ABSORB MOISTURE in air and DISSOLVE it

DELIQUESCENT

ability to JUST ABSORB moisture in air

HYGROSCOPIC

- are compounds or mixture of compounds, that by the presence in solution, RESIST PH CHANGES upon addition of SMALL QUANTITIES of acid or alkali - MAINTAIN the pH of medicinals at optimal limits

BUFFERS

measure of acidity or basicity

LOWER pH

ACIDIC

HIGHER pH

BASIC

- salts of SOIUM PHOSPHATE + NaCl (pH 6-8) - a.k.a. PHOSPHATE BUFFERED SALINE (PBS)

SORENSEN PHOSPHATE BUFFER

pH level of SORENSEN PHOSPHATE BUFFER

6-8

SORENSEN PHOSPHATE BUFFER mixture

SALTS OF SODIUM PHOSPHATE + NaCl

boric acid + sodium bicarbonate + KCl (pH 5-9)

GIFFORD'S BUFFER

GIFFORD'S BUFFER mixture

BORIC ACID + SODIUM BICARBONATE + KCl

pH level of GIFFORD'S BUFFER

5-9

boric acid + sodium carbonate + NaCl

ATKIN'S AND PANTIN BUFFER

ATKIN'S AND PANTIN BUFFER mixture

BORIC ACID + SODIUM CARBONATE + NaCl

boric acid + sodium borate + NaCl

FELDMAN'S BUFFER / PALITZSCH BUFFER

FELDMAN'S BUFFER / PALITZSCH BUFFER mixture

BORIC ACID + SODIUM BORATE + NaCl

frequently used in formulation of OPTHALMIC SOLUTIONS

PHARMACEUTICAL BUFFERS

widely used as: - raw material - inactive ingredient - medicinal vehicle - solvent - processing, formulation, and manufacture of pharmaceutical products (dosage forms), active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) API intermediates, compendial articles, and analytical reagents as well as in cleaning applications

WATER

- contain varying amounts of suspended matter, such as clay, sand, microorganisms, and fragments of plants and animals - MINERAL WATERS, NATURAL SPRING WATERS, WELL WATERS

NATURAL WATERS

w/ Na and Mg sulfates + NaHCO3

ALKALINE WATER

charged with CO2 under pressure

CARBONATED WATER

w/ iron characterized by FERRUGINOUS TASTE

CHALYBEATE WATER

w/ LITHIUM carbonates or chlorides

LITHIA WATER

- PURGATIVE WATER - w/ Na and Mg sulfates + NaCl

SALINE WATER

w/ HYDROGEN SULFIDE

SULFUR WATER

w/ ALKALI SILICATES

SILICEOUS WATER

water can be characterized by

HARDNESS

- presence of SOLUBLE Ca and Mg BICARBONATES - can be softened by BOILING or LIME PROCESS

TEMPORARY HARDNESS

- presence of INSOLUBLE Ca and Mg CHLORIDES AND SULFATES

PERMANENT HARDNESS

are typically produced ON-SITE where they are used

BULK MONOGRAPHED WATERS

- as EXCIPIENTin the production of NONPARENTERAL preparations and in other pharmaceutical applications - NOT introduced directly into the bloodstream - NOT required to be sterile - WATER OF CHOICE for extemporaneous compounding

PURIFIED WATER

absence of microbes

STERILE

a drug or mixture of drugs prepared or compounded in a pharmacy according to the order of a prescriber

EXTEMPORANEOUS COMPOUNDING

- as excipient in the production of PARENTERAL and other preparations where product ENDOTOXIN content must be CONTROLLED, and in other pharmaceutical applications - minimal quality of source water: DRINKING WATER - NOT required to be sterile

WATER FOR INJECTION

- for HEMODIALYSIS applications - minimal quality of source water: DRINKING WATER

WATER FOR HEMODIALYSIS

- CLEAN STEAM - porous load STERALIZATION PROCESSES product or cleaning solutions heated by direct steam injection, or humidification of processes where steam injection is used to control the humidity inside processing vessels where the official articles or their in-process forms are exposed

PURE STEAM

these are produced, packaged, and sterilized to preserve microbial quality throughout their packaged shelf life

STERILE MONOGRAPHED WATERS / STERILE WATERS

- PURIFIED WATER, packaged and rendered sterile

STERILE PURIFIED WATER

- WATER FOR INJECTION packaged and rendered sterile - for extemporaneous prescription compounding and as sterile diluent for parenteral products - packaged in single-dose containers NMT 1L

STERILE WATER FOR INJECTION

- water for injection, packaged and rendered sterile, to which has been added one or more suitable ANTIMICROBIAL PRESERVATIVES (e.g. benzyl alcohol) - intended to be used as a diluent in the preparation of parenteral products, most typically for MULTI-DOSE products that require repeated content withdrawals - packaged in single-dose or multiple-dose containers NMT 30mL

BACTERIOSTATIC WATER FOR INJECTION

- water for injection packaged and sterilized - in SINGLE-DOSE containers that MAY BE LARGER THAN 1L and allow RAPID DELIVERY of their contents

STERILE WATER FOR IRRIGATION

- WFI that is packaged and rendered sterile - intended for use in INHALATORS and in the preparation of INHALATION SOLUTIONS

STERILE WATER FOR INHALATION

- POTABLE WATER (drinkable or fit to drink) - prescribed SOURCE OF FEED WATER for the production of bulk monographed pharmaceutical waters

DRINKING WATER

- purified water that has been VIGOROUSLY BOILED for NLT 5min, then cooled and protected from absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide

CARBON DIOXIDE-FREE WATER

- produced by VAPORIZING DRINKING WATER or a higher quality of water and condensing it into a PURER STATE

DISTILLED WATER

- produced by an ion-exchange process in which the cations and anions are replaced with H+ and OH- ions by use of ION-EXCHANGE RESINS

DEIONIZED WATER

intended to come into DIRECT CONTACT with pharmaceutical products

GLASS CONTAINERS

- DECREASES coefficient of expansion in Pyrex glass

BORON

- provide AMBER LIKE light resistant glass

POTASSIUM

- INCREASE REFRACTIVE INDEX

LEAD

- NEUTRAL GLASS - suitable for most products for parenteral and nonparenteral uses

TYPE 1 (BOROSILICATE GLASS)

TREATED SODA LIME GLASS - suitable for most ACIDIC and NEUTRAL aqueous products for parenteral and nonparenteral uses

TYPE II (TREATED SODA-LIME-SILICA)

REGULAR SODA LIME GLASS - NOT USED FOR PARENTERAL PRODUCTS or for powders for parenteral use

TYPE III (SODA-LIME-SILICA)

used to DIFFERENTIATE the TYPE OF GLASS

GLASS GRAINS TEST

GENERAL PURPOSE SODA LIME GLASS - for TOPICAL and ORAL dosage forms

TYPE IV (NP GLASS)

used to REDUCE the OXIDATION of ACTIVE SUBSTANCES and excipients in the finished product

ANTIOXIDANTS

- a POWERFUL REDUCING AGENT - ferrous iodide syrup

HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID

- used as PRESERVATIVE in food, drugs, and beverages

SULFUR DIOXIDE

- SO2 source

SODIUM METABISULFITE

- hypophosphorous acid prevents oxidation of this product

FERROUS IODIDE SYRUP

- for OCD LIVER OIL and VITAMIN preparations - used to displace oxygen- and moisture-containing air in packaging material to extend the shelf-lives

NITROGEN GAS

- also used as preservative

ARGON GAS

source of CO2 in SEIDLITZ POWDER

SODIUM BICARBONATE

water of choice for EXTEMPORANEOUS COMPOUNDING

PURIFIED WATER

- AGUA OXIGENDA, OXYGENATED WATER - the strength depends on the volume of active oxygen it yields - antiseptic: 3% or 10 volume - bleaching agent: 6% or 20 volume

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE SOLUTIONS

- antiseptic - bleaching agent - zonrox white

SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE SOLUTIONS

- LUGOL'S SOLUTION / STRONG IODINE SOLUTION - IODINE TINCTURE - POVIDONE IODINE - less staining - more soluble - less toxic

IODINE SOLUTIONS

STRONG IODINE SOLUTION - 5% iodine solution

LUGOL'S SOLUTION

- EYE ANTISEPTIC for NEWBORN babies

SILVER NITRATE

LUNAR CAUSTIC - toughened silver nitrate

SILVER NITRATE PENCIL

AMMONIACAL SILVER NITRATE SOLUTION

HOWE'S SOLUTION

- “WHITE PRECIPITATE” - As dusting powder – treatment of ECZEMA and PARASITIC SKIN DISEASES

AMMONIATED MERCURY

▫ BLUE ointment ▫ 9-10% Hg ▫ Parasiticide

MILD MERCURIAL OINTMENT

- Astringent - Mild antiseptic

ZINC ACETATE

- Escharotic for GANGRENOUS SORES - As mouthwash - antiseptic and astringent - For EMBALMING and preservation of the anatomical Specimens

ZINC CHLORIDE

- antiseptic

ZINC IODIDE

- As heptahydrate – WHITE VITRIOL - Emetic and astringent - Mordant in dye – intensify or fixed stains - WHITE LOTION

ZINC SULFATE

▫ LOTION ALBA ▫ Zinc sulfate + potassium sulfide - Sulfide – for skin disease - Zinc - astringent

WHITE LOTION

- “BORACIC ACID” - Used as DUSTING POWDER or OINTMENT BASE - Antiseptic - Used in preparation of LISTER'S SOLUTION (antiseptic mouthwash)

BORIC ACID

- “BORAX”, sodium tetraborate - BACTERIOSTATIC (as eye-wash and wet dressing) - Water-softener

SODIUM BORATE

- “TARTAR EMETIC” - Emetic, followed by depression - Depressant expectorant - IV: treatment of VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS - “KALA AZAR” or “BLACK FEVER”

ANTIMONY POTASSIUM TARTRATE

- “BRIMSTONE”, “BURNING STONE” - A PALE YELLOW, odorless and brittle solid - “PHLOGISTON” – principle of COMBUSTIBILITY - Production of sulfuric acid - VULCANIZE NATURAL RUBBERS ▪ Uses: 1) Cathartic 2) Parasiticide in scabies 3) Stimulant in alopecia 4) Fumigation 5) Treatment of skin diseases

SULFUR

- “LIVER OF SULFUR, HEPAR SULFURIS” - Mixture of K polysulfides and thiosulfate - Treatment of parasitic skin diseases

SULFURATED POTASH

- Antifungal shampoo for DANDRUFF

SELENIUM DISULFIDE

- cause skin cells or mucus membranes to CONTRACT or SHRINK, by precipitating proteins from their surface - dry, harden and protect the skin - relieve skin irritations due to allergies, eczema, insect ites - antiperspirant - styptic: reduce bleeding from minor cuts

ASTRINGENTS (TOPICAL)

- “BUROW'S SOLUTION” - Aluminum subacetate solution + Glacial acetic acid - Antiseptic and astringent on skin

ALUMINUM ACETATE

- As solution – antiseptic and astringent

ALUMINUM SULFATE

- BASIC BISMUTH CARBONATE - Protective, astringent, antiseptic, dusting powder - Has antacid effect

BISMUTH SUBCARBONATE

- Basic bismuth carbonate - Protective, astringent, antiseptic, dusting powder - Has GREATER ASTRINGENT EFFECT

BISMUTH SUBGALLATE

- Basic bismuth nitrate - Protective, astringent, antiseptic, dusting powder - MOST EFFECTIVE ANTISEPTIC

BISMUTH SUBNITRATE

- “MILK OF BISMUTH”, “BISMUTH CREAM” - Similar to bismuth subcarbonate, but LESS EFFECTIVE

BISMUTH MAGMA

- Astringent, styptic, hematinic

FERIC CHLORIDE

- applied DIRECTLY TO THE SKIN surface - help maintain the skin's physical barrier - provide protection from irritants (excessive moisture due to incontinence, perspiration, or wound drainage) - prevent the skin from drying out

PROTECTIVES (TOPICAL)

- ZINC WHITE, CHINESE WHITE - Antiseptic and astringent - As ointment or dusting powder – treatment of eczema, psoriasis, pruritis - Used in manufacture of ADHESIVE TAPE - Used as PAINT PIGMENT - Calamine

ZINC OXIDE

▫ 98% ZnO + 2% ferric oxide ▫ VERY FINE PINK POWDER ▫ Used in the form of powder, ointment or lotion – treatment of skin diseases

CALAMINE

- Dusting powder - antiseptic and astringent

ZINC STEARATE

- Antacid with adsorbent and protective property - Emulsifying agent

MAGNESIUM TRISILICATE

- Used as WHITE PIGMENT in creams and paints - WARD OFF LIGHT RAYS – for SUN-SCREEN preparations - OPACIFYING AGENT in capsule and tablet coatings

TITANIUM DIOXIDE

- NATIVE HYDRATED MAGNESIUM SILICATE - filtering agent

TALC

- COLORANTS in TOPICAL preparations to make them more attractive and appealing

INORGANIC PIGMENTS

- Red and yellow form - Colorant, simulate skin color (e.g. in Calamine)

FERRIC OXIDE

▫ PRECIPITATED CHALK ▫ External: as dentifrice (tooth powder) due to mild abrasive property ▫ Internal: antacid

PRECIPITATED CALCIUM CARBONATE

- Treatment of VINCENT'S ANGINA “TRENCH MOUTH” - Dentifrice

SODIUM PERBORATE

- For STAPHYLOCCOCI INFECTIONS - Dentifrice

STANNIC OXIDE

prevents formation of dental carries

DENTAL PROPHYLACTIC

tooth abrasives / tooth powders

DENTRIFICE

- Antiseptic at low concentration - Dental prophylactic – prevents dental carries

SODIUM FLUORIDE / CALCIUM FLUORIDE

- PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICAL GASES - are frequently used to synthesize, sterilize, or insulate processes or products which contribute to human health - pharmaceutical gases are also inhaled by patients in a technique known as GAS THERAPY

ARTIFICIAL ATMOSPHERES

- used as a PRESSURIZING agent; and ASPHYXIANT (displaces the normal O2 in air)

NITROGEN

- supplement the BREATHING OF PATIENTS

OXYGEN

- its LOW DENSITY makes it easy to RESPIRE

HELIUM

- to stimulate RESPIRATION

CARBON DIOXIDE

- a weak GENERAL ANESTHETIC

NITROUS OXIDE

- as an anesthetic; used for HYPERPOLARIZED MAGENTIC RESONANCE IMAGING

XENON

OXYGEN COLOR IN USA

GREEN

OXYGEN COLOR IN INT.

WHITE

CARBON DIOXIDE COLOR IN USA & INT.

GRAY

NITROUS OXIDE COLOR IN USA & INT.

BLUE

HELIUM COLOR IN USA & INT.

BROWN

NITROGEN COLOR IN USA & INT.

BLACK

AIR COLOR IN USA

YELLOW

AIR COLOR IN INT.

WHITE & BLACK

- used to prevent BUILDUP of CO2 during GENERAL ANESTHESIA when a patient rebreathes air

CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORBERS

Calcium hydroxide + Na/K hydroxides

SODA LIME

Calcium hydroxide + Barium hydroxide

BARIUM HYDROXIDE LIME

- “CARBONIC ACID GAS” - Oxygen gas mixed with 5% CO2 → treatment of poisoning by CO, alcohol, methanol, morphine - Carbon dioxide snow (dry ice)

CARBON DIOXIDE

▫ Remedy for skin disorder (e.g. acne, eczema, psoriasis, warts)

CARBON DIOXIDE SNOW (DRY ICE)

- “SAL VOLATILE, PRESTON SALT, HARTSHORN” - Reflex stimulant - Expectorant

AMMONIUM CARBONATE

- Gastric stimulant, carminative, antacid

AROMATIC AMMONIA SPIRIT

loosen the mucus

EXPECTORANTS

expectorant

HYDROIODIC ACID SYRUP

- “MURIATE OF AMMONIA, SAL AMMONIAC” - Expectorant, diuretic

AMMONIUM CHLORIDE

- Solubilizing agent in iodine solution - Histolytic - Expectorant

SODIUM IODIDE

- RECTAL INJECTION used to evacuate the bowel, influence the general system by absorption or to affect locally the area of disease

ENEMAS

- aqueous solution DIRECTED AGAINST A PART or INTO A BODY CAVITY for cleansing and antiseptic agent

DOUCHE

DOBELL'S SOLUTION

SODIUM BORATE

- irrigation of body cavities, tissues or wounds, indwelling urethral catheters, surgical drainage tubes, and for washing, rinsing, or soaking surgical dressings, instruments and laboratory specimens

SOIUM CHLORIDE IRRIGATION

- used as a URINARY BLADDER IRRIGANT; its acidic pH is conducive to dissolving any bladder calculi in patients such as those using an indwelling catheter

CITRIC ACIS, MAGNESIUM OXIDE, SODIUM CARBONATE IRRIGATION

- a radioactive tracer for MEDICAL IMAGING

TECHNETIUM 99

- Radiopaque contrast media

BARIUM SULFATE

▫ Radioactive isotope, anticancer

GOLD-198

- radioactive iodine for THYROID diseases and cancer

IODINE 131

- used as a BONE REPLACEMENT for TEMPORARY BRACES of long bones, and to CLOSE OPENINGS IN THE SKULL

TANTALUM

- as DENTAL CROWNS, bridges, and inlays (gold leaf)

GOLD

- used for DENTAL FILLINGS

MERCURY AMALGAMS OF GOLD AND SILVER

- used for dental fillings zinc

ZINC-EUGENOL CEMENT

- used for TEMPORARY SUPPORT structures, especially for BROKEN BONES

PLASTER OF PARIS

- treatment of CYANIDE and IODINE POISONING

SODIUM THIOSULFATE

- treatment of CYANIDE POISONING

SODIUM NITRITE

- UNIVERSAL ANTIDOTE

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

- antidote for THALLIUM POISONING

FERIC FERROCYANIDE

antidote for ARSENIC POISONING

FERRIC HYDROXIDE

- antidote for PHOSPHOROUS POISONING

CUPRIC SULFATE

- involved in the MAINTENANCE OF NORMAL CELLULAR HOMEOSTASIS and in the regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance and blood pressure

PHYSIOLOGICAL IONS AND ELEMENTS

MAJOR CATIONS

Potassium Inside (ICF) Sodium Outside (ECF)

MAJOR ANIONS

Phosphorous Inside (ICF) Chloride Outside (ECF)

2ND MAJOR ANION IN ECF

BICARBONATE

2ND MAJOR CATIONS

Magnesium Inside Calcium Outside

- REPLENISH the BODY'S WATER and ELECTROLYTE concentrations after DEHYDRATION caused by exercise, excessive alcohol consumption, diaphoresis (heavy sweating), diarrhea, vomiting, intoxication or starvation

ELECTROLYTE REPLENISHERS

- “ROCK SALT, TABLE SALT” - Electrolyte replenishment - Renders solutions to be ISOTONIC ▫ Prescription “fiat isotonic collyrium” - Normal saline solution (NSS), 0.9% NaCl ▫ Physiological salt solution

SODIUM CHLORIDE

- diuretic

POTASSIUM CHLORIDE

- Urinary acidifier - Ringer’s Solution - Lactated Ringer’s Solution

CALCIUM CHLORIDE

▫ Isotonic solution of THREE CHLORIDES ▫ Ca, Na and K chlorides

RINGER'S SOLUTION

▫ Ca, Na and K chlorides + sodium lactate

LACTATED RINGER'S SOLUTION

- used to manage DISORDERS ASOCIATED WITH LOW pH

SYSTEMIC ALKALIZERS

- “BAKING SODA” - Antacid ▫ Misuse can lead to “rebound acidity” - Urinary alkalizer

SODIUM BICARBONATE

- Antacid, urinary alkalizer

POTASSIUM BICARBONATE

- Diaphoretic – increases sweating

SODIUM CITRATE

- Diuretic, expectorant, laxative

POTASSIUM CITRATE

NORMAL HUMAN PHYSIOLOGICAL pH

7.35 - 7.45

- NEUTRALIZES the ALKALINE BODY FLUID, particularly blood, in patients who are suffering from systemic alkalosis

SYSTEMIC ACIDIFIERS

- sodium dihydrogen phosphate - monobasic sodium phosphate - Urinary acidifier

SODIUM BIPHOSPHATE

- essential because they FORM an integral part of one or more enzymes involved in a metabolic or biochemical process (as catalyst) - BODY CANNOT PRODUCE THEM and must be taken thru DIET

ESSENTIAL AND TRACE ELEMENTS

- CATALYTIC SITE of many of the enzymes and oxygen-transporting proteins (e.g. hemoglobin, transferrin)

IRON

- COFACTOR of many enzymes involved in REDOX REACTIONS (e.g. cytochrome c oxidase)

COPPER

- ENHANCES THE ACTION OF INSULIN and manages blood glucose concentration - plays an essential role in the development and maintenance of the IMMUNE SYSTEM

ZINC

- ANTIOXIDATN that protects cells from damage due to FREE RADICALS

MANGANESE

- required to POTENTATE INSULIN and for the normal glucose metabolism

CHROMIUM

- MOCO is used by the enzymes to catalyze diverse redox reactions

MOLYBDENUM

- has antioxidant properties and protects against the ACTIONS OF FREE RADICALS and CARCINOGENIC FACTORS - component of enzyme GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE which works with vitamin E to prevent LIVER NECROSIS

SELENIUM

- an integral part of VITAMIN B12 (cyanocobalamin)

COBALT

- present in all polypeptides, proteins and enzymes that contain CYSTEINE AND METHIONINE amino acids

SULFUR

- an integral component of THYROID HORMONES needed for cellular metabolism (e.g. thyroxin T3 and triiodothyronine T4)

IODINE

- neutralizes stomach acidity which in turn relieves heart burn, indigestion, or stomach upset

GASTRIC ANTACIDS

Antacid with mild laxative effect - Magnesia magma ▫ “Milk of Magnesia” ▫ A suspension prepared by hydration of MgO

MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE

▫ “Milk of Magnesia” ▫ A suspension prepared by hydration of MgO

MAGNESIA MAGMA

- “MAGNESIA ALBA” - Antacid, laxative - Clarifying or filtering agent in syrups - Abrasive in tooth powders

MAGNESIUM CARBONATE

- Antacid, laxative - “Magnesia” ▫ Light – made by heating MgCO3 to dull redness ▫ Heavy – MgSO4 + Na2CO3 → heat

MAGNESIUM OXIDE

- Antacid with adsorbent and protective property - Emulsifying agent

MAGNESIUM TRISILICATE

- Antacid

MAGNESIUM PHOSPHATE

a DEFOAMING agent, antiflatulence

SIMETHICONE

- As gel – antacid, astringent, demulcent

ALUMINUM PHOSPHATE

____ preparations are CONSTIPATIVE

CALCIUM

- highly water soluble - rapid onset, short duration - effervescent antacid - sparkling flavor

SODIUM BICARBONATE

- SYMPTOM and not a disease - impair digestion and/or absorption - stimulates peristalsis - can lead to dehydration - acute: bacterial toxins, chemical poisons, drugs, allergy, and disease - chronic: GI surgery, carcinomas, chronic inflammatory conditions, various adsorptive defects

DIARRHEA

use only if with INFECTION

ANTIBACTERIALS

adsorb toxins, bacteria and viruses, offer protective coating of mucosa

ADSORPTIVE / PROTECTIVE

PINK BISMUTH

BISMUTH SUBSALICYLATE

protective and adsorbent - earthly or clay like taste

KAOLIN

- the emptying, cleansing, purging pr evacuation of the bowels

CATHARSIS

- an AGENT that CAUSES CATHARSIS

CATHARTIC OR PURGATIVE

- a CATHARTIC taken to relieve constipation

LAXATIVE

- LOCAL IRRITATION - intestinal secretions and motility - e.g. bisacodyl, senna

STIMULANT LAXATIVES

- RETAIN FLUID in the stool and increase stool weight and consistency - e.g. psyllium, dietary fiber, and methylcellulose

BULK-FORMING LAXATIVES

- aid in the PAASAGE OF STOOLS by its lubricating action throughout the intestines - e.g. mineral oil, glycerin

EMOLLIENT LAXATIVES (LUBRICANTS)

- POORLY ABSORBABLE and draws water into the lumen of the bowl - e.g. milk of magnesia, lactulose

SALINE (OSMOTIC) LAXATIVES

- monobasic sodium phosphate - dibasic sodium phosphate

CATHARTIC / SODIUM PHOSPHATE

GLAUBER'S SALT

SODIUM SULFATE

SEIDLITZ POWDERS

COMPOUND EFFERVESCENT POWDERS

CREAM OF TARTAR

POTASSIUM BITARTRATE

ROCHELLE'S SALT / SAL SEIUGNETTE

POTASSIUM SODIUM TARTRATE

CITARTE OF MAGNESIA / PURGATIVE LEMONADE

MAGNESIUM CITRATE

EPSOM SALT / BITTER SALT

MAGNESIUM SULFATE

converts arsenic trioxide to arsenic trichloride

HCl

MOD 3: BIOLOGICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL IMPORTANCE Flashcards

(262 cards)