MOD1 - Biological Foundations of BHD Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
What is the frontal and prefrontal cortex’s purpose
A
abstract thought, planning and decision making
higher cerebral functions
2
Q
what happens to the size of the hippocampus in depression
A
smaller
3
Q
what happens to the activity in the amygdala in depression
A
higher activity
4
Q
what does amygdala do
A
recalls and responds to traumatic events
5
Q
what 3 things does the hypothalamus do
A
regulates motivated behaviour
triggers stress response
controls pituitary gland
6
Q
what mental illness is the thalamus associated with
A
bipolar disorder
7
Q
what is the stress response system
A
Hypothalamus -CRH-> pituitary -ACTH-> adrenal gland -cortisol-> immune system
8
Q
serotonin increases/decreases with depression and suicide
A
decreases
9
Q
dopamine is associated with which two illnesses
A
substance abuse and psychosis
10
Q
Norepinephrine is related with which two conditions
A
stress
triggers anxiety
11
Q
what does acetylcholine do
A
memory and recall
12
Q
what condition is glutamate associated with and is it excitatory or inhibitory
A
associated with BPD and lithium impact
excitatory
13
Q
is GABA inhibitory or excitatory and what effect does it have on anxiety
A
inhibitory
reduces anxiety
14
Q
which 2 neurotransmitters are altered by decreased eostrogen
A
serotonin and norepinephrine
15
Q
experience have what effect on brain development
A
develops neuronal connections
16
Q
toxic stress has what effect on the stress system
A
prolonged activation of the stress system
17
Q
prolonged toxic stress has what effect on cortisol levels and neural systems
A
prolonged cortisol elevation
less neural connections
18
Q
what are the 2 stress hormones
A
adrenaline
cortisol
19
Q
what 2 things does adrenaline do in stress
A
mobilise energy store and alter blood flow
20
Q
what 2 things does cortisol do in stress
A
mobilise energy store and inhibit immune system
21
Q
sustained cortisol damages which part of the brain
A
hippocampus
22
Q
what are the two branches of the nervous sytem
A
CNS and PNS
23
Q
what are the 2 branches of the PNS
A
somatic and autonomic
24
Q
what are the 2 branches of the ANS
A
sympathetic and parasympathetic
25
what neurotransmitter is associated with sleep, aggression, eating, sexual behaviours and mood
serotonin
26
what neurotransmitter is in control of reward and pleasure
dopamine
27
circadian rhythms are disrupted by which 3 factors
increased level of stress hormone cortisol
decreased level of eostrogen (alters NE and Epinephrine) and testosterone (after 50yo)
28
what is the order of the 3 catergories of brain development
language, sensory and higher cognition
sensory pathway first
language
higher cognition function last
29
what are the differences in the effects of occassional inattention and chronic under-stimulation
occasional = growth promoting in supportive environments
understim = developmental delays
30
what is the difference between severe neglect in family context and institutional setting
family = absence of 1 on 1 interaction, fail to provide basic needs
institutional = many children and few caregivers and no individuallised adult-child relationship
31
What are teratogens
chemicals or factors that damage fetus development
32
what happens if the tertogen timing or dose is less than threshold
some exposure results in small risk of causing malformation
33
what is FASD
permanent birth defect with maternal alcohol use during pregnancy
34
what does Chronic high cortisol levels do to the nervous system
in this case is the stress threshold high or low
overactivation of the nervous system
low threshold
35
what trimester is the most important period of time for organ development
1st trimester
first 3 months
36
what are the 3 symptoms of Fetal Alcohol spectrum disorder
growth deficiency
facial abnormalities
organic brain damage
37
what are the sentinel facial features of FASD
nose and upper lip
38
what effects does brain development and stress have on the brain and cognitive
impairs learning
reduce hippocampus growth and impacts memory
39
What is sensation
Detection of physical energy by sense organ that sends info to brain
40
what is the stimuli and the sense organ/receptor of sight
stimuli = light
sense organ/receptor = eyes
41
what is the stimuli and the sense organ/receptor of smell
stimuli = oderant molecules in the air
sense organ/receptor = nose
42
what is the stimuli and the sense organ/receptor of taste
stimuli = flavouring of food and other molecules (sweet, sour, umami, salty, bitter)
sense organ/receptor = taste buds on tounge
43
what is the stimuli and the sense organ/receptor of touch
stimuli = pressure and temperature
sense organ/receptor = skin
44
what is the stimuli and the sense organ/receptor of hearing
stimuli = soundwaves and vibrating air molecules
sense organ/receptor = ears
45
in terms of sensation what is transduction
Converting of external energy into electrical activity in neurons
46
What is the absolute threshold and how does it vary with age
Lowest level of stimulus needed for nervous system to detect change 50% of the time
Increases w/ age
47
what is Webers law in terms of sensation and perception
There is a constant proportional relationship between smallest change we detect and original stimulus intensity
Ie. amount of change needed for us to detect the change
48
What is vestibular sense
Balance & spatial orientation in relation to gravity
49
What is proprioception
Sensing the body parts relative to each other
50
In terms of sensation what is pain
A response to a harmful stimuli
51
What is perception
The brains interpretation of raw sensory input
The psychological organising of info
52
When do the following perceptions develop in babies
motion, binocular, pictorial
Motion depth = 3/4wk
Binocular depth = 2/3 mnth
Pictorial depth = 6mnth
53
Why do babies feel pain more intensely than adults and what are some forms of pain relief for babies
Babies have an immature CNS
Pain relief = milk, holding, sugar solution
54
What is the sensory capacity at birth for a baby in terms of taste smell and touch
are they present at birth and how do they benefit the baby
Present at birth
Survival smell & taste of milk
Touch helps develop relationships
55
What is the sensory capacity at birth for a baby in terms of hearing
are they present at birth and what sounds do they prefer
Babies can hear before birth
Prefer mother and complex sounds
56
What is the sensory capacity at birth for a baby in terms of sight
are they present at birth and what extent is their sight and when do they improve
what do babies prefer for sight
Limited focus, poor acuity but rapid development
Difficulty discrim. Colour
Prefer faces & contrast, contour, movement & complex patterns
57
As you age, how does your vision get worse and what is the term for the degeneration of sight
above what age and for which gender does aging vision impact the most
what is harder for old people in terms of glare and sight
what happens to their depth perception and binocular vision
Macular degeneration leads to less light reaching retina and increased light scattering
presbyopia (hard to focus on nearby objects)
>70, women>men
Increased glare sensitivity and harder to perceive colour & harder to see in dim light
Decreased depth perception & binocular vision
58
As you age what condition affects your hearing and how is it affected
above what age and for which gender does aging hearing impact the most
hearing is worse at higher/lower/moderate frequencies, what type of sounds and at which frequencies
Presbycusis (age related hearing loss) due to decreased neural pathways, blood supply & increased cell death
>75yrs, Men>women
Worse at higher frequencies, soft sounds at all frequencies
59
How does aging affect your sense of taste and smell and how is it affected
what disadvantages does this lead to
Decreased sensitivity to 4 tastes and a decrease in smell receptors are also involved
leads to eating non-foods or bad foods, vitamin deficiencies
60
How does aging affect your sense of touch
Decline in hand sensitivity and fine manipulation affected
61
what are the 4 aspects of perceptual organisation
form
depth/distance
motion
perceptual
62
what is top down processing
Perceptions are influenced by our expectations and prior knowledge.
Brain applies what it knows to fill in the blanks and anticipate what's next
63
what is bottom up processing
explanation for perceptions that start with an incoming stimulus and working upwards until a representation of the object is formed in our minds
64
what is form perception
organises sensory info into meaningful shapes and patterns
divides perception into figure and ground
65
what is the perceptual set
formed when our expectations/context influences perception
66
what is the Gestalt view
the whole is more than the sum of its parts
67
what are the 6 key Gestalt principles
law of
```
proximity
similarity
continuity
closure
symmetry
form and ground
```
68
what is the law of proximity
group nearest elements
69
what is the law of similarity
group most similar elements
70
what is the law of continuity
see lines as continuous even when interrupted
71
what is the law of closure
fill in gaps to experience as the whole
72
what is the law of symmetry
group objects that are symmetrically arranged as wholes
73
what are the 2 divisions of depth or distance perception
monocular cues and binocular cues
74
what are the 6 monocular depth perception cues
```
interposition
linear perspective
texture gradient
light and shadow
height in plane
relative size
```
75
what are the 2 binocular depth perception cues
binocular disparity and convergence
76
what is binocular disparity
the greater the difference between the pictures from each eye the closer the object
77
what is binocular convergence
eyes point inwards when looking at close objects
eyes move outwards when looking at distant objects
78
what are the 3 components of the perceptual constancy
size
shape
colour
79
what is shape constancy
perceive true object shape despite variations in shape in the retinal image
80
what is colour constancy
tendency to precieve whiteness, greyness and blackness of objects across changing levels of illumination
81
what is size constancy
perceive true size of an object despite variations in the size of retinal image
82
what is inattentional blindess
failure to perceive a prominent object because attention is on another task
83
what is change blindness
failure to perceive changes in a scene when there is a momentary interruption to views of that scene
84
when the environment is exciting we pay less/more attention to the body and notice less/more symptoms
less attention to body
less symptoms
85
what are the 5 reasons for sleep
Cellular machinery repair
Energy replenishment
Thermo regulation
Memory consolidation
Resculpting synapses
86
What 4 body factors does the Polysomnogram monitor
Brain electrical activity
Eye & jaw/leg muscle movement
Airflow & respiratory effort
Oxygen saturation
87
what insomnia defined as and what is the reason for it
Trouble sleeping 3 or> nights/wk and interferes with activity next day
Circadian rhythm problems
88
what is the cause of primary insomnia
Too much time in bed
89
what is the cause of secondary insomnia
Due to substances, psychiatric, med/neurological condition
90
what are the 5 reasons for excessive daytime sleepiness
Sleep apnoea
Substances
Circadian rhythm disorder
Sleep deprivation
Narcolepsy
91
What are the 7 types of parasomnia
Sleep walking
Sleep eating
Sleep talking
Rem behaviour disorder
Periodic limb movements
Restless legs
Bruxism
92
What are the 4 types of treatment for sleep apnoea
CPAP
Pulse oximetry/polysomnography
Weight loss/surgery
Mandibular advancement splints
93
What are the 4 types of treatment for primary insomnia
Sleep hygiene
Limit naps (30mins) betw 12-3pm
Exercise
Time in bed restriction
94
What is a treatment for delayed sleep phase disorder
Melatonin & light box
95
what is delayed sleep phase disorder
Dysregulated circadian rhythm compared to gen pop
96
what is bruxism
teeth grinding
97
what are the 7 causes of insomnia
mental illnesses (eg depression, anxiety)
general health
sleep apnea
delayed sleep phase disorder
primary insomnia
parasomnia
alcohol/substance problems
98
what is CPAP
continuous positive airways pressure
99
what are the 3 criteria for sleep apnoea
snores loudly at night
wakes with dry mouth
morning headache
100
what is the treatment for primary insomnia
restrict the time spent in bed
