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122 HLTHPSYCH > Tutorial #1 - 5 > Flashcards

Tutorial #1 - 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the correlation coefficient and what kind of research is it related to

A

correlational research

(r) measures the correlation

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2
Q

what is the range of correlation coefficient and what does it mean

A

-1 ( strong negative) to 1 (strong positive)

0 = no correlation

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3
Q

what is informed consent

A

inform potential participants of all aspects of research

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4
Q

what 5 things does informed consent include

A 
what participation involves
benefits/risks of participation
where to get support
right to withdraw
decision is voluntary
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5
Q

what is reliability

A

consistency of measurement

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6
Q

what is validity

A

does it measure or assess what it claims to measure

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7
Q

what are confounding variables

A

differences between experimental and control groups other than the independent variable

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8
Q

key messages should influence which 5 factors when attempting to change behaviours

A

outcome expectancies

perceived personal relevance

attitudes

self-efficacy

perceived norms (descriptive, subjective, personal)

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9
Q

what are the 5 layers of the maslow hierarchy of needs from top to bottom

A

self-actualization

esteem

attachment

safety

biological

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10
Q

what is self actualisation in the maslow hierarchy of needs

A

needs to fulfill potential, have meaningful goals

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11
Q

what is esteem in the maslow hierarchy of needs

A

needs for confidence, sense of worth and competence, self esteem and respect of others

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12
Q

what is attachment in the maslow hierarchy of needs

A

need to belong, to affiliate, to love and be loved

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13
Q

what is safety in the maslow hierarchy of needs

A

needs for security, comfort, tranquility, freedom from fear

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14
Q

what is biological in the maslow hierarchy of needs

A

needs for food, water, oxygen, rest, sexual expression, release from tension

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15
Q

the maslow hierarchy of needs needs to be satisfied from top to bottom or bottom to top? before the next level is reached

is this always done in order

A

top to bottom

no sometimes nay need to sacrifice needs for reasons

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16
Q

what are incentives

A

stimuli that motivate behaviour although they do not related directly to biological needs

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17
Q

what are two types of motivation

A

intrinsic and extrinsic

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18
Q

what is intrinsic motivation

A

doing something for the sake of it or because its personally rewarding to you

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19
Q

what is extrinsic motivation

A

doing something because you want to earn a reward or avoid punishment

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20
Q

offering excessive external rewards for an already internally rewarding behaviour can result in what

A

reduce intrinsic motivation

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21
Q

praising is an intrinsic/extrinsic incentive can have what effect

A

extrinsic

increase internal motication

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22
Q

do unexpected external rewards decrease internal motivation

A

no they dont

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23
Q

what is the difference between psychoactive drugs and those prescribed for mental illnesses?

A

psychoactive drugs have an immediate effect and observable impacts on a person’s outward behaviour (how they perceive and interact with the world)

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24
Q

does intoxication result from psychoactive or psychotropic drugs

A

psychoactive

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25
what are psychoactive drugs
chemicals that affect processing and behaviour by temporarily changing conscious awareness
26
what2 things do psychoactive drugs do once they're in the brain
attach to synaptic receptors either stimualte or block reactions
27
which 3 things do psychoactive drugs affect
perception memory mood and behaviour
28
define intoxication
Alteration in brain function from drug use
29
define tolerance
Need to take more of a psychoactive drug to get the same effect Single use of drug has more of an effect, but regular use has less of an effect
30
define withdrawal
Alteration in brain function from cessation of drug use Stop taking drug after a long period of usage
31
define dependence
Physiological/psychological Mind or body becomes adjusted to and depends on a drug
32
define addiction
Cognitive, behavioural, and physiological symptoms, severe impairment, and distress from drug use The drug is needed to function ‘normally’ Can be dependent but not addicted (addiction = causes issues for you)
33
what are the 4 main types of psychoactive drugs
stimulants psychedelics opiates/opioids/narcotics depressants
34
what 2 effects do stimulant's have
increase arousal speed up mental and physical activity (may cause euphoria)
35
what are examples of stimulants
``` caffeine cocaine meth nicotine amphetamines ```
36
what do psychedelics do/what effects do they have
Alter perceptions of external and inner awareness (may produce hallucinations, usually visual)
37
what are examples of psychedelics
``` Acid LSD marijuana/cannabis (lower doses) ecstasy/MDMA ketamine magic mushrooms ```
38
what do opiates do/what effects do they have
Supress physical sensations and response to stimulation Relieve pain Induce sleep
39
what are examples of opiates
``` codeine heroin morphine fentanyl oxycontin ```
40
what 2 effects do depressants have
Reduce awareness of external stimuli Slow down bodily functions, calming
41
what are examples of depressants
Alcohol Barbiturates/sedatives Benzodiazepines/tranquilizers (e.g. valium, Rohypnol) GHB
42
what are the 4 steps in the rewards pathway
rewarding stimulus administered info travels to ventral tegmental area nucleus accumbens affected prefrontal cortex is simulated (behaviour)
43
what neurotransmitter does cocaine primarily affect what are the effects that characterise cocaine use and what can it do in terms of addiciton
dopamine Contrast between euphoric highs and depressive lows it can cause nothing else to trigger the reward system unless you take cocaine
44
what area of the brain does cocaine affect
caudate nucleus
45
what is the path of cocaine and how it affects the brain 3 steps
VTA -> NA -> caudate nucleus
46
which 3 effects do psychedelics have and what characterises their effects
Lead to hallucinations/false perceptions Altered perception of time Euphoria In some cases
47
what neurotransmitter does ecstasy MDMA affect what 3 factors of bodily/mental functions do they affect
serotonin mood, memory, sleep
48
what causes the comedown from MDMA
Come down from MDMA as serotonin is stopped due to excess being detected at synapses of brain
49
which 3 areas of the brain does cannabis affect and what effects do they have in each area
prefrontal cortex = emotion/behaviour hippocampus = memory cerebellum = coordination
50
what is the path of cannabis and how it affects the brain 3 steps what 2 mental functions do they affect
VTA -> NA -> CN learning and memory
51
which 4 effects do opiates have and what characterises their effects
Supress physical sensation and response to stimulation Powerful effect on mood/pain/pleasure Highly addictive Harsh physical withdrawal symptoms
52
opiates bind to the same receptors as ___
endorphins
53
which 2 areas of the brain do opiates affect
prefrontal cortex = emotion and behaviour thalamus
54
what is the path of opiates and how it affects the brain 3 steps
VTA -> NA -> CN (learning and memory)
55
what 4 factors impact the effect that depressants will have on a person
body mass sleep hydration rate of drinking
56
how do depressants work
Suppress glutamine and increase GABA less excitation increased inhibition
57
what is the most abused drug
alcohol
58
Psychoactive drugs affect ___ ____ in the brain via a ___ pathway, activating areas in the ____ that receive input from the ____ system, which relates to ___ & ____.
Psychoactive drugs affect “pleasure centres” in the brain via a reward pathway, activating areas in the forebrain that receive input from the limbic system, which relates to mood & emotion.
59
the limbic system supports which 4 functions
emotion behaviour long term memory smell
60
what are the 3 main structures in the reward pathway
ventral tegmental area nucleus accumbens prefrontal cortex
61
how many stages of sleep are there and what are the 2 types of sleep in these 5 stages
5 stages NREM and REM sleep
62
what are the 2 wave types in waking period and what types of consciousness do they represent
beta (alert) and alpha (relaxed)
63
what physical condition is your body and mind in when you experience beta waves in the waking period can you hold an intelligent conversation in this period and what frequency and amplitudes are present
alert, eyes open and responsive to external stimuli can you hold an intelligent conversation in this period high frequency and low amplitude
64
what physical condition is your body and mind in when you experience alpha waves in the waking period what features marks this period and what frequency and amplitudes are present
when you close your eyes and begin to relax hypnagogic images high frequency and low amplitude
65
in what order do we cycle through the 4 stages of sleep
from 1-4 then back through 3 and 2 before reaching REM sleep
66
a complete sleep cycle takes between how many minutes during an 8hr sleep how many cycles of sleep would you go through
90-110mins 5-6 cycles of sleep
67
what waves are present in stage 1 of sleep how long is this stage and what occurs during it what is the frequency and amplitude of the waves
slower theta waves stage lasts a few mins as you shift from drowsiness into sleep decreasing frequency and slightly increasing amplitude
68
what would your response be if you were woken from stage 1 sleep
you would likely claim you havent slept
69
what waves are present in stage 2 of sleep what occurs during it what is the frequency and amplitude of the waves what happens to the alpha waves
larger theta waves sleep deepens and is the main body of light sleep memory consolidation occurs and synaptic pruning takes place theta waves interrupted by bursts of low amplitude activity (sleep spindles) and high amplitude waves alpha waves disappear
70
in stage 2 of sleep theta waves are interrupted by bursts of low amplitude activity and high amplitude waves, what are these two known as
sleep spindles and K-complexes
71
what waves are present in stage 3 of sleep how long is this stage and what occurs during it how do the waves appear on EEG readings
delta waves muscles relax, breathing/heart rate decreases and body temp lowers slow waves on EEG readings
72
what waves are present in stage 4 of sleep how do the waves appear on EEG readings
more than 50% are delta waves slow waves on EEG readings
73
what waves are present in stage 5 of sleep how long is this stage and what occurs during it how do the waves appear on EEG readings
beta waves paradoxical sleep brain waves are similar to waking and most vivid dreams in this stage high frequency and low amplitude waves
74
how is sleep measured
brain waves measured via EEG, electrical activity in from of nerve impulses are present in sleep and their rhythms are measured by frequency and amplitude
75
what are the 4 basic periodic rhythms
alpha beta delta theta
76
what are the frequency and amplitudes like in the 5 stages of sleep
``` drowsy = high f, low a stage 1 = low f, high a stage 2 = high f, high a delta sleep = high f, high a REM sleep = low f, high a ```
77
what are the waveforms like in the 5 stages of sleep
``` drowsy = alpha stage 1 = theta stage 2 = sleep spindles and k complexes delta sleep = delta REM sleep = low voltage (random, fast, sawtooth waves) ```
78
what are some biological/physiological factors that affect sleep
``` age related change in sleep patterns illness jet lag pain medication ```
79
what are some psychological/behavioural factors that affect sleep
``` thinking style anxiety/stress shift work daytime napping bedtime ritual substance use ```
80
what are some social/environmental factors that affect sleep
``` electronic devices room temp noise levels light levels other people ```
81
what is stages 3 and 4 also known as
delta sleep/ deep sleep
82
what happens to eye movement and pulse/blood pressure/respiration in REM sleep
rapid eye movement pulse and blood pressure quicken respiration becomes faster and irregular

122 HLTHPSYCH (12 decks)

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