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122 HLTHPSYCH > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

what is attachment

A

strong enduring affectionate connection that humans share with the special people in their lives

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2
Q

what is the cupboard view of attachment

A

freud and others said that it was attachment based on the provision of food needed for survival

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3
Q

what is the comfort view of attachment

A

harlow and others said that attachment goes beyond physical need

babies also need contact comfort and love

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4
Q

what did harlow’s study show

A

despite surrogate supplying food the infant monkey formed attachment to cloth surrogate

contact comfort preferred

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5
Q

what is the attachment theory

3 principles

A

importance of relationships in our lives from cradle to the grave

believed mother infant bond is evolved response

babies born with built in behaviours that keep parent nearby and fuel bond

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6
Q

when is secure attachment most clearly seen ir what ages

A

6-8months to 18months-2years

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7
Q

what is secure attachment intensified

A

intensified by anxiety in stressful situational

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8
Q

what does secure attachment serve to do in stressful situation

A

reduce anxiety

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9
Q

what is separation/stranger anxiety in secure attachement

A

upset at departure of familiar caregiver/dear of stranger

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10
Q

what is attachment style measured by

how does it work

A

strange situation paradigm

controlled situation, series of standard episodes of separation and reunion with parents and interaction with stranger

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11
Q

what are the 4 patterns of attachment

A

secure

insecure avoidant

insecure-anxious/ambivalent

disorganised

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12
Q

what are the percentage of children with secure attachment pattern

A

around 60%

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13
Q

what are the percentage of children with insecure avoidant attachment pattern

A

15-20%

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14
Q

what are the percentage of children with insecure-anxious/ambivalent attachment pattern

A

15-20%

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15
Q

what are the percentage of children with disorganised attachment pattern

A

5-10%

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16
Q

what are the 2 characteristics of secure attachment patterns

A

use caregiver as a secure base

parental responsiveness highest

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17
Q

what are the 2 characteristics of insecure avoidant attachment patterns

A

infants indifferent to parent’s return/departure

parental responsiveness lowest

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18
Q

what are the 2 characteristics of insecure-anxious/ambivalent attachment patterns

A

distress at departure, infant first seek and then avoid caregiver upon return

parental response inconsistent

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19
Q

what are the 2 characteristics of disorganised attachment patterns

A

depressed/unresponsive with spurts of sudden emotion

confused about approaching or avoiding parent

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20
Q

what is secure attachment in infancy related to in development

A

positive social, emotional and cognitive development

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21
Q

what are the 5 factors that affect the development of attachment

A

quality of caregiver

child temperament

family context

culture

opportunity to establish close relationship

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22
Q

what is the best predictor of secure attachment

A

sensitive, responsive parenting

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23
Q

what is sensitive, responsive parenting

A

parents ability to perceive and interpret childs signals and intentions, respond appropriately and promptly

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24
Q

what are the 4 types of parenting and adjustment

A

authoritative vs permissive

authoritarian vs uninvolved

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25
what are 3 types of genetically prewired behaviours that facilitate basic processes of parenting
caregiver natural tendency to hold, talk, smile and respond to infant cry motherese = infant directed speech infant babbling, smiles, facial expressions to engage parent
26
what 2 things may be linked to individual differences in attachment
hormone oxytocin
27
what is a serve and return relationship what is the serve and what is the return
serve = infant prewired and ongoing behaviour to engage adult return = adult may/may not respond appropriately
28
what 3 things is the serve and return relationship influenced by what are examples of each factor
child factors = temperament parent factors = mental illness/drug use family factors = family violence
29
what is a childs temperament
early appearing and stable dispositions
30
what is a childs temperament largely based on 2 things
biologically and genetically based
31
what does a childs temperament do through adulthood
persists although likely to become less extreme
32
what areas is childs temperament involved in
activity emotion attention self regulation sociability
33
what are the 2 dimensions of a childs temperament
reactivity self regulation/effortful control
34
what 2 things does a child's temperament predicts
cognitive and social functioning
35
what are the 3 types of a child's temperament what percentage of children fall into each category
easy 40% difficult 10% slow to warm up 15%
36
what are the 2 types of temperament defined by kagan what is the factor it is defined by
bold/uninhibited and inhibited sensitivity to physical and social stimulation
37
what are characteristics of bold/uninhibited temperament in toddlers 4 things
talkative, sociable, behaviourally spontaneous or bold show low levels of fearfullness in unfamiliar contexts
38
what are characteristics of bold/uninhibited temperament in infants
lower levels of crying and excitability or reactivity
39
what are links of bold/uninhibited temperament to health risk behaviours
impulsivity unsafe sex dangerous driving alcohol dependence
40
what are characteristics of shy/inhibited temperament in toddlers
consistently shy, quiet and timid/more fearful in unfamiliar situations
41
what are characteristics of shy/inhibited temperament in infants
pattern associated more with crying
42
what is the goodness of fit in terms of shy/inhibited temperament
sensitive parenting to encourage adaptive functioning and positive development
43
what happens to those with a shy/inhibited temperament as children as they mature
responses less extreme as they mature but rarely shift categories
44
what is the family context in terms of childrens social development
parent factors, circumstances and life transitions that affect parent child interaction
45
what are 5 factors belonging a family context that affect parent child interactions
low SES family stress/violence parental mental health/substance abuse parent attachment history major life changes
46
how can the family context affect parent and children relationships 3 things
makes it harder to deal with challenges of parenting influence sensitivity and responsiveness flow on effect on quality of attachment
47
the model of parent and child relationships was made based on what culture and values? what might this affect
based on western/individualist culture, values and traditional families awareness of biases and differences that may not reflect dystfunction
48
what are 3 origins/sources of child maltreatment
the family the community the larger culture
49
what are 3 ways that children may be maltreated on a family level
isolated from social supports, highly stressed alcohol/drug abuse, abusive family backgrounds unrealistic expectations
50
what are 2 ways that children may be maltreated on a community level
mistrust, avoid others few links between family and community
51
what are 2 ways that children may be maltreated on a larger cultural level
social deprivation and poverty challenges societies that view violence as appropriate to solve problems, including physical force in parent child relations (child abuse is rare where physical punishment is not accepted)
52
what are 3 types of developmental consequences of maltreatment
behavioural, social-emotional and cognitive developmental consequences
53
what are behavioural development consequences of maltreatment 6 things
physical abuse, exposure to violence promotes use of aggressive behaviour by child conduct problems, antisocial behaviours sexualised/risky behaviour association with childhood sexual abuse negative effect on schooling through non-compliance, poor motivation substance abuse
54
what are social-emotional development consequences of maltreatment 6 things
negative effect on social adjustment/skills and self esteem problem with emotional regulation insecure attachment impaired parenting = more likely to abuse their own children increased risk for wide range of mental health problems abusive mothers more likely to have experience abuse while boys more likely to abuse partners
55
what are cognitive development consequences of maltreatment 4 things
at risk pf learning problem, cognitive delays more difficulty completing tasks may not achieve max intellectual capacity undermines chance of success at school
56
the adverse child experiences (ACE) study showed what results
number of ACEs/adverse family characteristics correlated with adult health outcomes early adversity affects the developing brains of children
57
ACEs lead to what in terms of the HPA axis and immune system
chronic activation of HPA axis functioning and affects developing immune system
58
what is the dose response relationship between ACEs and the number of adult physical and mental health outcomes
higher the ACE score, the worse health outcomes
59
those who experienced ___ or more ACEs compared to those with none are at increased risk of health conditions
4 or more
60
what are 6 ways to prevent maltreatment on a family, community, health service and society level
identify at risk families getting support in place to ease parental stress community resources alleviating child poverty effective interventions and education reporting abuse
61
what can be done to prevent maltreatment on a child level
removing child from harm

122 HLTHPSYCH (12 decks)

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