Module 04 Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
do advocacy and science work together
A
- yes
- use science to prove health inequalities exist
- then we can advocate
2
Q
what does advocacy involve
A
- communicating scientific data for awareness of global health issues
3
Q
what is the gap in global health
A
- health inequalities that exist between wealthy and impoverished populations
4
Q
What populations have the highest levels of illness and premature mortality
A
- populations with low income
5
Q
Percentage of total deaths caused by income-related diseases in low-income countries vs high-income
A
- low income countries have more deaths associated with each disease
6
Q
What does life expectancy at birth depend on
A
- country you are born in
7
Q
lowest life expectancy in 2018
A
- 53
8
Q
highest life expectancy in 2018
A
- 85
9
Q
high income countries relationship with illness and life expectancy
A
- greater life expectancy
- lower levels of illness
10
Q
low income countries relationship with illness and life expectancy
A
- high levels of illness
- premature mortality
11
Q
why does the gap in global health exist
A
- social determinants of health
12
Q
what is the social gradient
A
health and wealth relationship
13
Q
explain the health and wealth relationship
A
- greater wealth = greater health
- poverty = worse health
14
Q
who does the social gradient occur between
A
- between countries
- within countries
15
Q
how can poverty affect health
A
- directly & indirectly
16
Q
indirect consequences of poverty
A
- stress (financial)
- feeling of lacking support
17
Q
what plays a crucial role In perpetuation of the social gradient
A
- work environment
18
Q
what type of jobs do low income earners/lower social class work in
A
- labour-intensive jobs that contribute to poor health
- more dangerous fields
19
Q
What is the poverty trap
A
- mechanism that explains how individuals who are in poverty are trapped in poverty unless an external force intervenes by providing them with a significant amount of money and resources
20
Q
what is GDP
A
Gross domestic product
21
Q
what is GDP measure used for
A
- comparative measure of economy and standard of living between countries
22
Q
Why was the commission on SDOH created
A
- In an attempt to determine the most effective way to mediate the effect of the SDOHs
23
Q
What did the Commission on SDOH do?
A
- called on the WHO and all governments to lead global action towards closing the health gap in a generation
24
Q
What are the SDOH
A
- Social conditions of where people are born, live, grow, work and age
25
how should we think about health?
- socially so changes can be made to social and economic conditions that will positively impact health
26
What are the three ways the WHO is committed to closing global health gaps
1. improve daily living conditions
2. address inequalities in power, money and resources
3. measure and understand the problem and assess the impact of action
27
what are the 5 areas that can be addressed to improve living conditions
* Equity from the start
* Healthy places, healthy people
* Fair employment and healthy work
* Social protection throughout life
* Universal health care
28
three main dimensions of housing & home environment as a SDOH
- Physical dimension
- Social dimension
- Spatial dimension
29
physical dimension of housing
- should meet individuals basic needs
- clean water and sanitation, electricity, plumbing, heating, proper ventilation, and a safe infrastructure
30
social dimensions of housing
- affordability and home ownership, belonging and control over their home
- personal sense of safety and stability and lack of overcrowding
31
spatial dimensions of housing
- location in relation to distance to schools, healthcare services, recreation areas, and grocery stores
- proximity to industrial waste and other environmental contaminants
32
How do poor living conditions for refugees impact health
- poor sanitation
- overcrowding
- poor ventilation
- increase spread of communicable diseases
33
why do indigenous people living on reserves have worse health outcomes
- poor living conditions
- ex. long term drinking water advisories
34
what are adequate living conditions important for?
- ensuring healthy early childhood development
35
what happens during the first 6 years of life
- number of instrumental developmental changes occur that allow children to reach their full potential
ex. progression of linguistic, cognitive, and psychosocial development
36
what does equity from the start mean?
- every child is given the same opportunities and access to services (education, food, nutrition, health care)
- grow up in safe and healthy environments
37
what is the Jamaican study
- Longitudinal study looking at relationship between healthy development of children, both physical and psychosocial, and a child’s later development in life
38
what happens when individuals work in healthy conditions
- gain financial security, social status, personal development, social relations, self-esteem, and protection from physical and psychosocial illness
39
examples of adverse working conditions
- physically or psychologically demanding job
- low job autonomy
- inflexible working hours
- effort-rewarding imbalance
40
Why is job security a SDOH
- can have a profound negative effect on physical and mental health through financial security, maternal deprivation, a lack of opportunities for personal development and increased stress
41
Migrant work and early childhood health and development
-construction workers in India (2nd largest employer in India) can't afford childcare
- 3mil kids unsupervised on construction sites across India
42
What is the mobile creches program
- runs daycare centers at construction sites in India, providing safe and enriching environment of children of migrant workers
43
benefits of the mobile creches program for children
- provides children safe, nurturing and stimulating environment
44
benefits of mobile creches program
- promotes social and economic productivity
- workers don't have to worry about their kids
- employment opportunity
45
Explain the WHO healthy cities program
- long-term international development initiative that aims to create an environment that supports health and a good quality of life
46
what is an important driver in reshaping population health problems
- urbanization
47
Violence and injuries in urban areas
- tend to have areas with higher crime rates, which create insecurity for much of the population
48
who is more affected by violence
- women, migrants and refugees refugees bear the brunt of this lack of security, with significant impacts on their livelihoods, health and access to basic services
49
Diseases in urban locations
- increased risk of the spread of communicable diseases due to a large population living in a close proximity
50
what are significant changes attributed to urbanization
- changes in dietary patterns and PA levels, which increase the risk of obesity in children, and increase both injuries and non-communicable diseases in the urban-poor
51
Who is more vulnerable to climate change affects
- those living in low SDI countries which have poor infrastructure
- people living on small islands
- those living in mega cities
- mountain ranges
- polar regions
52
what is the leading cause of climate change
- greenhouse gases which urbanization has led to an increase
53
why is climate change a major health issue?
it impacts
- air quality
- water quality
- sanitation
- sufficient food production
- secure shelter
54
what is gentrification
- The process through which low-value neighbourhoods experience an influx of affluent residents and business, transforming the neighbourhoods to high-value areas
55
Consequences of Gentrification
- drives up rent and property values, leading to forced displacement of low-income individuals, and changes in the racial and ethnic composition of a neighbourhood
56
Impacts of urbanization
- increase population density
- rural areas become under invested in
- violence
- disease
- pollution & climate change
- gentrification
57
what are some ways developing countries experience worse environmental conditions
- lack of policy to control pollutants
- lack of social security/insuramce
- crowded living
- lack of universal healthcare and health promotion interventions
58
identified two areas of improvement within policy level of global and population health
1. social protection across life course
2. universal healthcare / policy
59
what are some barriers to implementing social security globally
- limited institutional infrastructure
- financial cap in low income countries
60
barriers to healthcare for radicalized minorities in Canada
- language
- cultural
- spiritual differences
61
What is the ABC project
- Longitudinal study that followed children from a disadvantage area of North Carolina for 35 years
62
What equitable health policies are needed for a optimal healthcare system
- local action
- primary level of care
- equitable system
- prevention, health promotion and intervention
63
Indigenous individuals living in remote communities
- health canada was not providing enough support to them
- don't have equal access to health services
64
List the health inequalities that indigenous communities face
- nursing stations
- medical transportation
- support allocation & comparable access
65
what new initiatives were created and currently being implemented to help increase healthcare in remote locations?
- Telehealth
- NOSM
66
How can equitable health be determined?
- by a number of government and economic factors including finance, education, housing, employment, transportation, and health itself
67
what is intersectional action for health?
- Aligning health policies across a number of government departments to promote health equity
68
why is intersectional action crucial
- most of the decisions that impact the health of a population lie beyond the health sector
69
what are the 3 main aspects of market responsibility that can be optimized for health (inequities through policy)
- social goods should be governed by the public sector
- legislation should promote gender equality
- promote political empowerment
70
what is essential to reduce health inequalities regarding gender equity
- Empowerment of women and reducing gender inequities
71
List some changes that could be made to policies that affect societal structures and empower women
* Legislation that enforces equity and equality
* Making discrimination on the basis or gender illegal
* Investing in formal and vocational education for girls
* Guaranteeing pay equity
* Increasing investment in female sexual and reproductive health
72
what is political empowerment
- the ability of individuals to contribute to and be included in political processes
73
how will we reduce health inequity
- increase the political empowerment of disadvantages people must be identified and implemented
74
what are the two main methods for political empowerment
- top-down
- bottom-up
75
what is a top-down approach
- state works to guarantee a complete set of rights for all citizens, and a fair distribution of resources across society
76
what is a bottom up approach
- grassroots approach founded by self-organization of disadvantages groups
77
list types of policies that help eliminate health inequities
1. Social goods being governed by the public sector
2. Legislation that promotes gender equity
3. Promoting political empowerment, especially for disadvantaged populations
78
what do all health interventions have
- barriers
- enablers
79
what is a barrier to health intervention
- obstacles that could harm the feasibility of a policy or intervention
80
what is an enabler to health intervention
- factors or resources that can be leveraged to increase the feasibility or effectiveness or a policy or intervention
