Module 2

Question 1

What is the definition of Epidemiology

Answer 1

• study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events, and the application of this study to the control of disease and other health problems

Question 2

What do epidemiological measurements help health professionals do?

Answer 2

• make informed decisions about how to best use resources to prevent disease and promote health

Question 3

What is the importance of measurements and assessments for health intervention?

Answer 3

• they reveal need for intervention
• show if interventions are effective

Question 4

What are the two conditions for reaching data sovereignty?

Answer 4

• Decolonization of data
• Indigenous data governance

Question 5

What are the 5 D’s of the colonization of indigenous data?

Answer 5

• disparity
• deprivation
• disadvantage
• dysfunction
• difference

Question 6

What are the 5 D’s used to classify indigenous populations as?

Answer 6

problematic and in need of help

Question 7

why are the 5 d’s harmful?

Answer 7

• the data can rationalize dispossession and the
  marginalization of specific communities, therefore leading to a false sense of dependency

Question 8

What is incidence?

Answer 8

measures how quickly new cases of a disease arise in a population over defined period of time

Question 9

what is prevalence?

Answer 9

measure of disease burden - number of existing cases of disease in given population

Question 10

What is point prevalence

Answer 10

-Measure of the proportion of the population that has a certain disease at a specific point in time

Question 11

How to calculate prevalence

Answer 11

of cases / total population

Question 12

How to calculate point prevalence?

Answer 12

of cases at a specific time / total population at that time

Question 13

is point prevalence used a lot in global health research

Answer 13

NO

Question 14

Example of using point prevalence

Answer 14

• 6 months to survey region of Somalia and determine number of TB cases

Question 15

What is period prevalence

Answer 15

proportion of the population that has a certain disease over a defined period of time

Question 16

How to calculate period prevalence

Answer 16

of cases at a period of time / average population during the period of time

Question 17

why is incidence different from prevalence

Answer 17

only considers new cases within the ‘at-risk- pop within the time period

Question 18

what does incidence measure

Answer 18

RISK

Question 19

what does cumulative incidence measure

Answer 19

proportion of the population who develop the disease over time period

Question 20

how to calculate cumulative incidence

Answer 20

of new cases of a disease over a time period / total population at risk (doesn’t include existing cases or people who can’t develop disease) *have to subtract them

Question 21

what would the onset of disease in population look like for incidence

Answer 21

• proportion of population DEVELOPING NEW CASES of disease

Question 22

what would the onset of disease in population look like for prevalence

Answer 22

• proportion of population WITH disease

Question 23

What is crude mortality rate

Answer 23

count of all deaths over a specified time period divided by the population at the midpoint of the time period being considered

Question 24

how to calculate crude mortality rate

Answer 24

of death over time period x 100,000 - population at midpoint of time period

Question 25

all cause mortality rate

Answer 25

considers deaths for any reason in population

Question 26

cause-specific mortality rate

Answer 26

measure the deaths in a population from a specific disease

Question 27

how to calculate specific mortality rate?

Answer 27

of deaths over a time period (in certain subgroup) x 100,000 / subgroup population at midpoint of time period

Question 28

When is standardizing of mortality rate used?

Answer 28

- to compare mortality in 2 populations that differ in characteristics that influence mortality

Question 29

why is it difficult to get reliable measurements of population morbidity and mortality in developing countries

Answer 29

- hard to keep vital event registration up to date

Question 30

what is vital event registration

Answer 30

- countries gov't tracks vital events (deaths, marriages, births, marriages, divorces, fetal deaths)

Question 31

What does Verbal autopsy provide

Answer 31

- provides policy makers and public health professionals with a better understanding of the causes of death in developing countries

Question 32

How do verbal autopsy work

Answer 32

- talk to family about questions to illicit signs and symptoms the person experienced leading up to their death - doctor or computer reviews answers to produce cause of death

Question 33

what is relative risk?

Answer 33

- How many times more likely it is that one group of people become ill compared to another group

Question 34

how to calculate relative risk

Answer 34

a / (a+b) / c / (c+d)

Question 35

top of RR table:

Answer 35

- disease present - disease no present - total

Question 36

Side of RR table

Answer 36

- Exposed group - Not exposed group

Question 37

what does it mean if RR < 1

Answer 37

- Primary interest group has a lower risk of disease

Question 38

What does it mean if RR = 1

Answer 38

Risk of disease is equal in both groups

Question 39

What does it mean if RR>1

Answer 39

- Primary interest group has higher risk of disease

Question 40

when would you used odds ratio

Answer 40

- if there's not enough info about entire population to calculate incidence

Question 41

How to calculate odds ratio

Answer 41

a x d / b x c

Question 42

what is the most accepted metric for global burden of disease ?

Answer 42

Disability adjusted life years (DALY)

Question 43

What do DALYs represent

Answer 43

measure of burden of disease (life years lost cuz of disease)

Question 44

How to calculate mortality

Answer 44

Life expectancy - age at death

Question 45

how to calculate disability adjustment due to morbidity

Answer 45

disability weight x duration of disability

Question 46

what does quality adjusted life years quantify

Answer 46

HEALTH

Question 47

How do you calculate DALY

Answer 47

Years lived with disability (YLD) + years of lost life (YLL)

Question 48

How to calculate YLD

Answer 48

prevalence x disability weighting factor

Question 49

how to calculate YLL

Answer 49

(# of deaths) x (life expectancy - age of death)

Question 50

What is YLL

Answer 50

- indicates premature mortality

Question 51

What is a major criticism of DALY

Answer 51

- It evaluates health through an ableist lens - able-bodied people valued more highly than those with disabilities - don't account for age

Question 52

importance of story telling and written or oral record keeping for indigenous communities

Answer 52

- keep track of and pass on knowledge of burdens of specific diseases

Question 53

what do indigenous communities rely on for record keeping

Answer 53

- transmission of oral histories, lessons and other knowledge to keep a historical record of

Question 54

Why are oral histories good?

Answer 54

they are specific to a time period or special event that happened, and are often considered historically accurate

Question 55

Orators

Answer 55

- person to tell stories that has permission if the stories weren't originally theirs

Question 56

what do many stories with indigenous communities reference

Answer 56

healing

Question 57

accuracy of oral record keeping

Answer 57

- with indigenous its completed through complex and sophisticated ways including performative practices such as dancing and drumming

Question 58

What are oral traditions

Answer 58

means by which knowledge is reproduced, preserved and conveyed from generation to generation

Question 59

blending oral and written record

Answer 59

- SARS - Small pox outbreak

Question 60

how did indigenous communities cope with covid

Answer 60

- road closures - limited travel - oral histories and traditions also reminded many indigenous communities of one thing to stay together like one big family

Question 61

were indigenous communities more likely to lock down in covid?

Answer 61

yes, imposed strict lockdowns and measures to control the spread of covid on and off reserves because of oral histories and written stories about previous diseases