Module 3 Flashcards
(175 cards)
1
Q
What does GBD stand for
A
Global burden of disease
2
Q
What is GBD
A
A measure of total health loss from hundreds of diseases and injuries (and their factors) that provides insight into the health status of a different populations throughout the world
3
Q
What information does the GBD study tabulate?
A
- information about causes of deaths and disabilities in the world
- DALYs used to report on health status of countries across the globe
4
Q
What are DALYS used to report
A
- health status of countries across the globe
5
Q
What does the GBD study quantify
A
- burden of premature deaths and disability for major diseases or disease groups by countries
6
Q
Health categories used to report GBD
A
- Non-communicable diseases (maternal, neonatal, and nutritional conditions)
- communicable diseases
- injuries
7
Q
What is the estimated global rate of death
A
20%
8
Q
Rate of death in low SDI regions
A
50%
9
Q
Rate of death in high SDI regions
A
5%
10
Q
What category of health categories used to report GBD have the most deaths
A
- non-communicable diseases
- 41% in low SDI regions
- 88% in high SDI regions
11
Q
Which categories used to report GBD do we see the biggest difference in males and females
A
- injuries
- 12% males
- 6% females
12
Q
Why are their more male deaths from injuries
A
- men engage in more unsafe behaviour and employment
- less likely to be protected by someone
13
Q
What is DALY
A
- Measure of overall disease burden, which is expressed as the cumulative number of years lost due to ill-health, disability, or early death
14
Q
What does Years lived with disability incorporate
A
- disability and mortality in a single measure
15
Q
What does Years of life lost (YLL) place more weight on?
A
- illness that results in early mortality because dying young has a bigger impact on the individual and society
16
Q
What does GBD tool allow you to see?
A
- how patterns of disease change over time and to compare disease trends by country, age and sex
- 1990-present
17
Q
What trends in non-communicable disease do we see from 1990-2019
A
- DALYS increased
18
Q
What trends in communicable disease do we see from 1990-2019
A
- DALYS decreased
19
Q
Death rates and causes in high versus low SDI countries
A
- low SDI countries more deaths from communicable diseases
- high SDI countries more deaths from non-communicable diseases
20
Q
How do communicable diseases spread from one person to another?
A
- Through airborne droplets or bodily fluids containing a virus, bacterium or parasite
21
Q
Examples of communicable diseases
A
- HIV
- TB
- Malaria
22
Q
Do communicable diseases such as HIV, TB and malaria present significant burden for high or low income countries
A
- low
23
Q
What is Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)?
A
- Disease that attacks the body’s white blood cells and weakens the immune system
24
Q
HIV mechanism of action
A
- infects white blood cells helper T cells destroying them over time and eventually causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
25
Transmission of HIV
- spread from person to person via bodily fluids (semen, vaginal fluids, blood to a lesser degree and breast milk)
26
Treatment of HIV
- Antiretroviral therapy (ART) which prolongs life and suppresses symptoms but doesn't cure the disease
27
Prevention of HIV
- Condoms
- testing and counselling services
- harm reduction for drug users
28
Are indigenous peoples at a higher risk for HIV/AIDS compared to non-indigenous
- yes
29
What are some socioeconomic factors that may contribute to the increased risk of HIV/AIDS in indigenous peoples?
- domestic violence
- stigma
- discrimination
- injection drug use
- mistrust and lack of health services perpetuates the poor health outcomes
30
Are adult or youth indigenous people at a greater risk for HIV/AIDS and why?
- youth
- lack of educational services and denial of this crisis
- substance use (sharing equipment)
31
What are some barriers to substance use harm reduction programs?
- lack of one-site methadone treatment and the need to travel to off-site methadone programs
- lack of counselling and support
- stigma around treatment programs
32
What is the preferred treatment method for harm reduction and why?
- abstinence-based therapy
- many members of the communities view methadone treatments as “replacing one drug with another”
-
33
Canadian Aboriginal Aids Network (CAAN)
- not-for-profit organization established in 1997 that represented over 340 member organizations and individuals to ensure access to HIV and AIDS related services
34
What does the CAAN promote
- SDOH framework through advocacy, and provides accurate and up to date resources on these issues in a culturally relevant manner for aboriginal peoples wherever they reside
35
what is Tuberculosis (TB)
- Communicable disease caused by mycobacterium tb
36
Who is at a higher risk for TB
- risk is higher in people with a compromised immune system
37
TB mechanism of action
- usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body, including lymph nodes, kidneys, urinary tract and bones
38
latent TB
- When an individual has M.TB bacteria in their body but does not feel sick or show symptoms
39
What happens if latent TB goes untreated?
- approx. 5-10% of infected individuals will develop active TB
40
Active TB
- People shows signs and symptoms
- considered infectious
41
TB Transmission
- is primarily an airborne disease that is spread through the air from person to person contact
- cough or sneeze spray M.TB droplet that someone inhales they may get infected
42
Treatment for TB
- For LTB Antibiotics to prevent active TB from developing
- if you have
ATB - take multiple antibiotics for 6-9 months to kill the bacteria
- if latent TB take antibiotics for 3-4 months
43
Multi-drug resistant TB
- Treatment may not be an option
44
Risk of indigenous communities developing TB
- risks are much higher than rest of Canada
- rates are 40 times higher than the rest of Canada
45
Why are indigenous peoples at a higher risk for TB?
- Lack of health promoting conditions (overcrowded, poorly ventilated homes, lack of food security, comorbidities)
46
Steps to reduce TB rates
1. Enhance TB care and prevention programming
2. Reduce poverty, improve social determinants of health and create socil equity
3. Empower and mobilize communities
4. Strengthen TB care and prevention capacity
5. Develop and implement inuit specific solutions
6. Ensure accountability for TB elimination
47
What is malaria caused by
- parasite Plasmodium, which can be transmitted between humans by mosquitoes
48
Is malaria or HIV more prevalent?
Malaria
49
Is malaria or HIV more deadly?
HIV
50
What country carries the greatest burden from Malaria
- Africa
- had 94% of worlds cases in 2019
51
What age group has the most malaria deaths worldwide?
- children under 5 accounted for 67% of all malaria deaths
52
Malaria mechanism of action
- dormant period in the liver
- plasmodium enters the bloodstream and infects the red blood cells, often causing them to burst
53
what does plasmodium impair?
- the ability of key cells of the immune system to trigger an efficient immune response, which might explain why patients with malaria are susceptible to a wide range of other infections and fail to respond to several vaccines
54
Symptoms of malaria
- Headache
- abdominal pain
- chills
- shaking
- fever
- sweats
- seizures
- anemia
- jaundice
- heart failure
- kidney failure
- coma
- death
55
Transmission of malaria
- mosquito bites that allow the parasite to enter the blood stream
56
How to cure malaria
- anti-malarial drugs
57
how to prevent malaria
- insecticide-treated mosquito nets
- indoor sprays
58
What is one of the most effective prevention strategies for malaria
- Insecticide-treated mosquito nets reduce infection up to 80%
- access to these nets are hard
59
Population most affected by HIV
- Children in Africa
60
Population most affected by TB
- People in India
61
Population most affected by Malaria
- Sub-saharan Africa
62
Communicable diseases present significant burden for countries with what?
- Low SDI
63
What is grouped with communicable diseases?
- maternal, neonatal, and nutritional conditions
64
Why are maternal, neonatal, and nutritional conditions grouped with communicable diseases
- a significant interplay between these conditions and communicable diseases
- The conditions can either exacerbate the symptoms of communicable diseases or completely mask them
- The condition itself can be a result of a communicable disease
65
Why does it make sense that maternal, neonatal and nutritional disorders are grouped with communicable
- they are seen more frequently in low SDI countries as well
66
What are nutritional conditions
- protein energy iodine deficiency
- dietary iron deficiency
- vitamin A deficiency
67
What is the most common nutritional disorder in the world
- iron deficiency
68
who does protein energy malnutrition affect and why
- children
- due to lower protein intake, especially once they stop breast feeding
69
Is Protein energy malnutrition more severe than iron deficiency
- yes
- leads to developmental impacts
- up to 6 million deaths a year
70
What does maternal health refer to
- health of women during pregnancy, labour and breast feeding
71
What is a maternal hemorrhage
- when a woman has heavy bleeding after giving birth
72
What is maternal sepsis
- server bacterial infection, usually of the uterus
73
when does maternal sepsis occur
- while women are pregnant or most commonly, in the following days
74
List some maternal hypertensive disorders
- hypertension
- gestational hypertension
- preeclampsia
- eclampsia
75
When is labour considered obstructed
- when the presenting part of the fetus can't progress into the birth canal - despite strong contraction
76
What is the leading cause of uterine rupture worldwide?
- obstructed labour
77
What is ectopic pregnancy?
- when a fertilized egg implants and grows outside the main cavity of the uterus
78
What are the three main impacts of maternal conditions on maternal health?
- impacts on children
- economic impacts
- social justice impacts
79
What are maternal deaths rooted in?
- women's powerlessness
- womens unequal right to employment, finances, education and health care
80
what does poor care or nutrition of the mother often lead to
- decrease stability in the home
- poor health/death of child
- low birth weights
81
Define absolute poverty
- state in which a subject lacks the means to meet their basic needs
82
When is a baby considered neonatal
- first 28 days of life
83
what is important doing the neonatal period
- providing appropriate care is crucial to ensure a newborn’s chances of survival and further lay the foundations for a healthy life
84
what are the 3 main causes of neonatal death?
1. Infectious
2. Pre-term
3. Birth trauma
85
What are some interventions aimed at improving neonatal health
1. Prenatal visits
2. Skilled birth attendants
3. Emergency care
4. Postnatal care
86
what are some underlying causes in racial disparity in preterm births in Canada
- poor nutrition
- substance use
- sub-optimal prenatal care
- diabetes
- high blood pressure
87
what type of disease is covid-19
- communicable
88
who do communicable diseases affect
- low income countries and populations
89
Why did indigenous communities have so few cases of covid-19
- strict public health measures
90
what type of diseases accounts for the highest burden of disease worldwide in high, middle and low income populations
- non-communicable
91
list 3 types of non-communicable diseases
- CVD
- Cancer
- mental illness
92
why is there an increased prevalence of CVD
- People are living longer
- lifestyle changes that increase CVD risk
93
List the types of cardiovascular diseases
- coronary heart disease
- cerebrovascular heart disease
- peripheral arterial disease
- congenital heart disease
- rheumatic heart disease
94
Define Coronary heart disease
- Disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle
95
Define Cerebrovascular heart disease
- Disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain
96
Define Peripheral arterial disease
- Disease of the blood vessels supplying the arms and legs
97
Define Rheumatic heart disease
- Damage to the heart muscle and heart valves from rheumatic fever, caused by streptococcal bacteria
98
What populations is CVD more prevalent in?
- high-income
99
when does CVD typically occur
- mid-life
100
Additional barriers some countries face with risk of CVD
- barriers to physical activity and healthy food such as geographical location, unaffordability, Lack of programming that make it increasingly difficult to live a healthy active lifestyle
101
What is cancer
- disease where the body’s cell begins dividing uncontrollably without cell death
102
What are the most common types of cancer world wide
- lung
- breast
- colorectal
- prostate
- skin
- stomach
103
Odds of developing cancer women
1 in 4
104
odds of developing cancer men
1 in 3
105
What populations have highest risk of cancer and why
- Low SDI
- Population growth
- aging
106
Cancer Prevention strategies
- education
- updated policies
107
Global cancer prevention strategies
- tobacco
- obesity
- alcohol
- infections
- carcinogens
- radiation
108
Do indigenous or non-indigenous peoples have higher risk of cancer
- indigenous
109
What are factors contributing to lower survival rates of indigenous Canadians who have cancer?
- fear/distrust with healthcare system
- racial and cultural stereotyping
110
what type of disease is mental illness
- non-communicable
111
how many children have mental health disorders
- 1 in 5
112
what mental health disorder is a leading cause of disability
- depression
113
what is the second leading cause of death In 15-29 year olds
- suicide
114
what populations have higher rates of mental health workers
- high-income countries
115
what is the WHO special initiative for mental health
- 5 year plan set to work towards a vision where all people achieve the highest standard of mental health and well-being
- seeks to ensure universal health coverage for mental health in 12 countries
116
what does GBD define injuries as
- death or disability due to the direct of indirect result of a physical force, immersion, or exposure
117
are injury death rates higher in males or females
- males
118
Define interpersonal violence
- physical, sexual, sexual, or psychological and it may involve deprivation and neglect
119
What populations have high suicide rates
- populations that experience isolation and discrimination, including the LGBTQs+ population, refugees and migrants and indigenous peoples
120
do more suicides occur in high or low income countries
- low
121
how many more deaths do indigenous populations experience from suicide than non-indigenous
- three times higher
122
why are rates of suicide higher in indigenous populations
- intergenerational trauma
- marginalization
- systemic racism
- colonization
123
what is intergenerational trauma
- when trauma experienced by one generation is passed down to other generations
124
what does the sociocultural model explain
- intergenerational trauma through parenting styles and exposure to environmental factors that may impact a child’s development
125
what assumptions are the sociocultural model based on
- assumptions that children are directly influenced by the home environment they are raised in
126
psychological model
- Explains intergenerational trauma based on the understanding that a child’s brain development can be significantly impacted if during the early years of development if they are subjected to harsh conditions
127
what does the psychological model suggest for children
- children raised in poor conditions may develop cognitive delays and negative coping strategies that can heavily impact their lives in the future
128
physiological model
- explains intergeneration trauma through biological factors and predisposed genetic factors
129
what does the physiological model suggest for children
- if child is subjected to excess levels of stress, there are abnormal levels of cortisol, dopamine, and serotonin, which may affect brain development
130
what does epigenetic suggest
- high levels of maternal stress can influence in-utero developmental and actually affect the function of some genes in the offspring
131
define serotonin
- the key hormone that stabilizes our mood, feelings of well-being and happiness
132
define dopamine
- important messenger involved in reward, motivation, memory, attention, and even regulating body movements
133
define cortisol
- the body’s main stress hormone released by the adrenal glands
134
define epigenetic
- process of altering gene activity and expression through external modifications to DNA
135
define in-utero
- term describing in the womb
136
what factors impact suicide rates in indingenous groups
- social
- familial
- cultural
137
what are risk factors that significantly impact the inuit population
- substance use
- depression
- PTSD
- Romatic relationship breakups
138
what are protective factors for indigenous youth
- High community knowledge
- Secure indigenous titles to traditional lands
- Self governance,
- School attendance
- Sustainable employment
- Easy access to social support and tailored mental health services
139
ways to reduce stigma around suicide
- language
- respect
- advocate
140
suicide prevention methods
- policies to help reduce suicide
- media
- stigma
- access
- follow up
141
how many millennium development goals (MDG) are the
- 8
142
MDG were set in when? to be achieved by when?
- 2000
- 2015
143
MDG 1
- Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
144
What is the goal of MDG 1
- increase daily income
- reduce hunger
145
MDG 2
- Achieve universal primary education
146
What is the goal of MDG 2
- ensure that children universally – including both boys and girls – will be able to complete a full course of primary education
147
MDG 3
- Promote gender equality and empower women
148
Goal of MDG 3
- eliminate gender disparity
149
MDG 4
- Reduce child mortality
150
Goal of MDG 4
- reduce under 5 mortality rate
151
MDG 5
- Improve mental health
152
Goal of MDG 5
- universal access to reproductive health
153
MDG 6
- Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and other diseases
154
MDG 7
- Ensure environmental sustainability
155
MDG 8
- a global partnership for development
156
What does the MDG report emphasize
- the critical role that SDOH play in influencing the well-being of the most vulnerable population
157
what are the two SDOH that negatively impact peoples health
- gender inequality
- income gaps
158
how many sustainable development goals are there
15
159
SDG 1
- No poverty
160
SDG 2
- Zero hunger
161
SDG 3
- Good health and well-being
162
SDG 4
- Quality education
163
SDG 5
- Gender equality
164
SDG 6
- Clean water and sanitation
165
SDG 7
- affordable and clean energy
166
SDG 8
- Decent work and economic growth
167
SDG 9
- industry, innovation and infrastructure
168
SDG 10
- reduce the inequalities between age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion
169
SDG 11
- sustainable cities and communities
170
SDG 12
- responsible consumption and production
171
SDG 13
- Climate action
172
SDG 14
- Life below water
173
SDG 15
- Life on land
174
SDG 16
- peace, justice and strong institutions
175
SDG 17
- Partnerships for the goals
