Module 1 Flashcards by Unknown Unknown

Determinants of Health

Range of factors that combine to affect the health of individuals/communities

Includes the:
socioeconomic environment
physical environment
individual characteristics & behaviors
- per BCIT Concept Definition

12 determinants of health overall

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12 Determinants of Health

Erudite Ironman Hid Pizza Snacks Greedily Cause Puppies Sabotaged His Ear Bling

income/social status
education/literacy
social support networks
employment/working conditions
social enviroments
physical environments
personal health practices & coping skills
healthy child development
biology/genetics
health services
gender
culture

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Population health

Study: Health outcomes of a population measured by the related determinants of health & health-status indicators

Process: Aims to promote health of groups/populations and mitigate health inequities

Health analysis and intervention at the macro level

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Health status indicators

Quantifiable data used to describe the health of a population. Typically these are epidemiological rates

ex: crude death rate
life expectancy
infant mortality rate
maternal mortality rate
proportional mortality rate

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Levels of prevention

Primary
prepathogenesis –> health promotion
disease prevention

Secondary
early pathogenesis –> early diagnosis + interrupt disease progression
emphasis on screening

Tertiary
pathogenesis –> treatment and management of disease/chronic illness
Quaternary

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Epidemiology

1) study of the distribution of disease in a population & the related determinants of health
2) application of this knowledge to address population health problems

(involves statistics, data analysis, causation )

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Types of epidemiology

Descriptive
examines health outcomes in terms of person, place, time
–> identify actual/potential health problems in a population

Analytical
examines etiology of disease & the assoc DofH
–> identify risk factors for illness/disease

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Etiology

cause (origin) of disease/illness

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Epidemiology methodology

Quantitative

measures the strength of association b/w exposures & outcomes to determine causality

evaluate interventions & monitor changes in population health over time

explanatory power –> explains the etiology of a health event/outcome by collecting + analyzing medical + epidemiological data

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Epidemiology Function

Improve health & survival of populations

study distribution/causation of disease –> measure the effectiveness of various health interventions –> improve health outcomes

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Chronic Disease Management (CDM)

multidisciplinary approach with an emphasis on prevention, early detection, management of chronic conditions

goal: promote individual health maintenance & client independence as much as possible
collaborative. clients = partners in their own care

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CDM Partners

individuals, families, groups, communities, populations

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Disease

pathophysiology –> alteration in structure/function

observable/visible signs of disease
entails a diagnosis
objective

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Illness

subjective perception of disease
not visible/observable
human experience of symptoms + suffering
how the disease is perceived, lived with, responded to by the client

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Three levels of prevention

primary, secondary, tertiary

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three epidemiological methods/approaches

Epidemiological triangle
Life course approach
Web of causality

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Types of analytical epidemiology

observational

interventional

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Epidemiological Triangle

Three factors that contribute to disease

Agent

Host

Environment

From a population health perspective, the epidemiological triangle focuses on the health of humans

Only suitable for simple cause/effect situations

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Agent

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The “WHAT” of the Epidemiological triangle

What is causing the disease? This could be the pathogen (microorganism causing disease/infection) or the organism that is infecting humans

Can be chemical, biologic, physical, nutritional

ex: Listeria bacteria or mosquitos infecting humans with Zika

Host

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The “WHO”

The person who gets infected & their individual characteristics that contribute/defend against infection/disease

Environment

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The “WHERE”

Anything internal/external to the host/agent that contributes to disease. Influences host/agent to increase/decrease likelihood of infection

Cause/allow disease transmission

Web of Causality

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Concept map showing all the causes/determinants of health that contribute to disease/infection

Life Course Approach

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Connecting early childhood development with adult health outcomes

Consists of three effects:
Latent (fetal/infancy stage)
Pathway (how early childhood leads us down certain pathways that determine adult health outcomes)
Cumulative (the cumulative effects of environmental risks throughout ones life on adult health)

Types of Transmission

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Contact (Direct or Indirect)
Air-borne
Vector borne
Droplet

Chain of Infection

The cycle of infection --> chain of events leading to disease/infection Interrupting the chain of infection = prevents disease/improves health outcomes ``` Infectious Agent Reservoir (where it grows) Point of Exit Mode of Transmission Point of Entry Susceptible Host ```

Virulence

How intense/contagious a disease is the higher the virulence = the higher the likelihood of infection/intensity of the disease

Prevalence

How pervasive a disease is in the population. Constitutes all ACTIVE, existing cases New cases + existing cases / total population x 100

Incidence

Occurrence of new cases New cases / total population x 100

Types of agents

Physical Biological Chemical Nutritional "Pea Body Came Near"

Screening

Testing of an asymptomatic, at risk-population for a particular disease/condition Is not diagnostic

Specificity

The ability of a screening test to rule out who DOESN'T have the disease

Sensitivity

The ability of a screening test to identify who DOES have the disease

Reliability

The ability of a test to consistently produce similar results across time/space Reliability does not equal accuracy, but is an important trait for a test

Validity

The ability of a test to correctly measure what it set out to do

Positive Predictive Value

Measures a tests ability to positively identify cases out of the screened population Out of the positively screened clients, how many of these actually have the disease High PPV will mean more true positives and less false positives

Negative Predictive Value

Measures a tests ability to correctly identify false cases Out of negatively screened clients, how many actually don't have the disease High PPV will mean more true negatives and less false negatives

4 Types of Epidemiological Studies

Donna Ate Every Eclaire + Icing Descriptive --> identifies health issues, related determinants Analytical --> identifies mechanism of disease (causation) Ecological --> focuses on aggregate (group data) no individual focus attempts to make connections between variables and health outcomes Experimental/Intervention --> clinical/community trials

Public Health Surveillance

ongoing collection + analysis of health data on populations used for the planning, implementation and evaluation of public health practice

2 Definitions of health

Negative = absence of disease. Runs on a spectrum from healthy --> not healthy Positive = more holistic interpretation of health. One can be healthy but still have disease/condition Health as a resource to live a meaningful life

Multidimensional aspects of health

Physical Social Mental Spiritual

Stability

maintenance of health --> physiological, social and functional ability to adapt to our environment (resiliency) and maintain homeostasis

Actualization

Ability to live up to our fulfill potential | Health is instrumental to our own personal goals.

Chronic Care Model Components (7)

Health System - Organization of Healthcare Self-Management Support (patient autonomy/independence) Decision Support (EBDM) Delivery System Design Clinical Information Systems (public access to info) Community Resources & Policies

Epidemic

higher than expected prevalence of a disease than expected in a restricted geographical location ex: SARs, Ebola

Endemic

disease that is native to that geographical area | ex: Malaria is only found in certain countries

Pandemic

high prevalence of a disease globally | ex: Covid, Influenza

Interrelated concepts of population health

``` capacity building determinants of health health promotion illness injury prevention epidemiology chronic disease management cultural safety collaboration global citizenship primary healthcare ```

Module 1 Flashcards

(47 cards)