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BSNC 1000 > Module 10 > Flashcards

Module 10 Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Which systems regulate the stress response

A

Nervous System

Endocrine System

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2
Q

Actors involved in stress response

A 
Central Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland (Anterior & Posterior)
Adrenal Medulla
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3
Q

Catecholamines

A

epinephrine/norepinephrine

produced by the adrenal medulla when stimulated by the SNS

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4
Q

Hormones produced by the APG

A 
Growth Hormone
Andrenocorticotropic hormone
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
Prolactin
Luteinizing Hormone 
Follicle-Stimulating hormone
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5
Q

Hormones released by the PPG

A

Oxytocin

Antidiuretic Hormone

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6
Q

Catecholamines produced by the adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine

norepinephrine

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7
Q

Hormones produced by the Adrenal Cortex

A

Aldosterone

Cortisol

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8
Q

Aldosterone effects

A

promotes the retention of sodium in the DCT of renal tubules
promotes excretion of potassium

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9
Q

Cortisol effects

A 
increase blood glucose (glycogen catabolism, gluconeogenesis)
increase insulin resistance
increase catabolism of skeletal muscle and fat --> amino acids, triglycerides
increase heart rate 
inhibits immune system
anti-inflammatory effects 
decrease osteoblast activity 
decrease protein/collagen synthesis

negative feedback regulation of HPA/SAM –> inhibits release of CRF/ACTH

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10
Q

Corticotropin Releasing Factor

A

released by the hypothalamus in response to stress
controls the adrenal pituitary gland response to stress
acts on the anterior pituitary gland

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11
Q

Stress Systems

A

Sympathetic Nervous System
Central Nervous System
HPA Axis
SAM System

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12
Q

SAM Sytem

A

Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary System

sympathetic nervous stimulation leads to the release of catecholamines from adrenal medulla

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13
Q

HPA Axis

A

Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal axis

Hypothalamus release CRF
CRF activates APG –> ACTH
ACTCH stimulates adrenal cortex –> aldosterone/cortisol

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14
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A

conceptualization of the body’s stress response

physiological changes that occur in response to stress
consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, exhaustion

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15
Q

Alarm Stage

A

body’s initial response to stress

increased sympathetic nervous system (fastest response)
increased HPA axis
release of catecholamines & cortisol

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16
Q

Resistance Stage

A

decrease in cortisol

body selects most effective/economic response to stressor

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17
Q

Exhaustion Stage

A

Pathological. Occurs due to prolonged stress –> depletes body reserves. Results in systemic damage

reduced cortisol levels
reduced immune function
reduced CRF

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18
Q

Adaptation

A

successful ability of body to respond to stress

affected by a variety of factors

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19
Q

Factors impacting Adaptation

A 
Physical Health/Capacity
Time
Genetic Endowment
Age
Gender
Health Status
Nutrition
Sleep-Wake cycle
Hardiness
Psychosocial factors
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20
Q

Locus Cereleus

A

located in the brainstem

produces norepinephrine –> released into brain

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21
Q

Homeostasis

A

state of internal constancy
body resists changes to the internal environment. internal mechanisms exist to regulate homeostasis controlled by negative feedback mechanisms

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22
Q

Allostasis

A

the body maintains balance by adapting to changes to environment
opposite of homeostasis which is a state of internal constancy. allostasis marked by change

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23
Q

Allostatic Load

A

cumulative effect of stress on the body

wear/tear caused by stress

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24
Q

Measurements of allostatic load

Study These Flashcards
A 
blood pressure
cortisol levels
CRP Protein levels
Cholesterol 
BMI
25
Epinephrine effects
``` redirect blood flow from trunk --> brain ( increased mental acuity increased arousal increased blood flow to skeletal muscle increased alertness increase heart rate increase respiratory rate/depth of breathing dilated pupils bronchodilation ```
26
Norepinephrine
vasoconstriction in peripheral arteries | increase blood pressure
27
Definition of stress
physiological response to an any internal/external stimuli perceived as a threat
28
Stress response factors
Duration (how long stressor lasts) Severity (intensity of stressor) Resources Coping Skills
29
Scope
Stress-Neutral --> Challenge Manageable --> Threat Non-Manageable
30
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
``` Growth Hormone Prolactin Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Luteinizing Hormone Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Adrenal Corticotropin Hormone ```
31
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
Antidiuretic Hormone | Oxytocin
32
Factors affecting Stress Response
``` Age Development Maturation Environment Life Experience Mental/Physical Health Status ```
33
Sources of Stress
Physical/Physiological Psychological/Emotional stress response is the same for any type of stimuli
34
Duration of stress
Acute (beneficial) Episodic (comes and goes, self-inflicted) Chronic (pathological)
35
Eustress
positive stress that improves health practices and resiliency
36
CNS Consequences of Chronic Stress
``` reduce cognitive function headaches, nervousness, irritability insomnia memory problems (damage to hippocampus) confusion anxiety depression ```
37
CV Consequences of Chronic Stress
``` Hypertension Atherosclerosis Arrhythmia Stroke Myocardial Infarction ```
38
Immune System Consequences of Chronic Stress
Cortisol = immunosuppressant Lower WBC Count Increased susceptibility to infection/illness Autoimmune conditions
39
Autoimmune Conditions
Rheumatoid Arthritis Multiple Sclerosis Asthma Cancer
40
Musculoskeletal Consequences of Chronic Stress
``` Muscle Tension --> headaches, pain Head Shoulders Neck Nervous tics ```
41
GI Consequences of Chronic Stress
``` Gastritis Ulcerative Colitis Irritable Colon Obesity Diarrhea Eating disorders ```
42
Integumentary Consequences of Chronic Stress
Hair, skin, nails Hair loss Skin problems --> acne, eczema, psoriasis Stress ulcers
43
Sexuality/Reproductive Consequences of Chronic Stress
``` Decreased sex drive Decreased testosterone levels Decreased sperm production Erectile Dysfunction --> Impotence Menstrual disorders Dysmenorrhea Exacerbate menstrual symptoms Menopausal symptoms ```
44
Populations at Risk of Stress
Low-Income Young Adults, Elderly Women
45
Appraisal
involves conscious cognitive assessment | how does the individual appraise/value the stressor --> what does it mean to that person
46
Coping
adaptive response to stress
47
Scope
Ineffective/Maladaptive --> Effective/Adaptive
48
Types of appraisal
Primary | Secondary
49
Primary appraisal
understand what is going on
50
Secondary appraisal
evaluate what resources are available to address stressor
51
Three Main Coping areas
Problem-Focused (directly address stressor) Emotion-Focused (address internal feelings about stressor) Meaning-Focused (address perception of stressor)
52
Coping Exemplars
``` Relaxation Techniques Social Support Reframing Substance Use Avoidance Coping Regression dissociation ```
53
Regression
individual reverts back to an earlier developmental stage in response to stressor
54
Dissociation
individual dissociates (disconnects) from reality as a way to cope with stressor
55
Avoidance Coping
emotion-focused maladaptive behavior | doing unhelpful things, delaying action or not taking any action in response to a stressor
56
Stressor
events that initiate a stress response | "stimuli"
57
Types of Stressors
Internal | External
58
Factors Affecting Stress
Situational Maturational Sociocultural
59
Focus on Older Adults
``` Diurnal pattern of HPA Axis Changes Increased Coping Mechanisms Timing (more stressful events in a condensed time period) Spirituality Depression/Anxiety ```

BSNC 1000 (10 decks)

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