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BSNC 1000 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Growth Definition

A 
physical growth (increase in size/weight)
quantifiable changes i.e. increase in number/size of cells
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2
Q

Development Definition

A

sequence of physical, psychosocial, cognitive changes that occurs throughout one’s lifespan

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3
Q

4 Main Developmental Theorists

A

Piaget - Cognitive
Kohlberg - Moral
Freud - Psychoanalysis
Erikson - Psychosocial

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4
Q

Piaget

A

focused on child cognitive development
people develop at different rates, but they all follow the same linear sequence
individual plays an active role in his environment

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5
Q

Kohlberg 6 stages of development (orientations)

A 
Preconventional
1 - punishment & obedience
do something to avoid punishment 
2 - instrumental
do something bc it is beneficial to you 
Conventional
3 - good boy/nice girl
social reputation. emphasis on social relationships
4 - society-maintaining 
respect for social rules. progresses from social relationships to societal concerns  
Postconventional
5 - social contract
follows laws but acknowledges these are to serve the greater good and can/should be changed to service that 
respects diverse values but acknowledges basic human rights
6 - universal ethical principles 
self-chosen ethical principles 
abstract, universality, consistency 
emphasis on social justice
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6
Q

Freud 5 Psychosexual stages of development

A

1 - Oral (0-18 months)
2 - Anal (12-18 months to 3 years)
3 - Phallic/Oedipal (3-6 years)
4 - Latency (6-12 years)
channeling oedipal energies in a socially productive way
5 - Genital (puberty - adulthood)
earlier repressed sexual urges re-emerge. resolving these conflicts allows one to become a mature adult

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7
Q

Erikson 8 Stages of development

A

1 - Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 year)
2 - Autonomy vs. Shame (1-3 years)
3 - Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)
4 - Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years)
5 - Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years)
6 - Intimacy vs. Isolation (18-35 years)
7 - Generativity vs. Self-absorption/stagnation (35-65)
8 - Integrity vs. Despair (65+)

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8
Q

6 Developmental Domains

A 
Cognitive
Social/Emotional
Communication
Physical/Physiological
Motor
Adaptive
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9
Q

Erikson

A

covered the entire lifespan
expanded on freud’s work
person needs to accomplish a certain task in order to proceed to the next stage of development
each task = opposing conflicts

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10
Q

Erikson 8 Stages of development

A

1 - Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 year)
2 - Autonomy vs. Shame (1-3 years)
3 - Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)
4 - Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years)
5 - Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years)
6 - Intimacy vs. Isolation (18-35 years)
7 - Generativity vs. Self-absorption/stagnation (35-65)
8 - Integrity vs. Despair (65+)

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11
Q

Physical/Physiological

A

growth in physical characteristics (height, weight)
regulated by neuroendocrine systems
development of secondary sex characteristics
cellular changes

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12
Q

Motor

A

development of bones, muscle +ability to move around and manipulate/interact with one’s physical environment
consists of fine/gross motor skills

gross motor = large muscles –> more general movement
fine motor = small muscles –> more precise movement

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13
Q

Adaptive

A

development of age appropriate life skills
skills needed for everyday tasks

dressing, hygiene, toileting, cleaning, cooking

requires adequate development in all other domains

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14
Q

3 Groups of Older Adults

A

Young-Old
Medium-Old
Old-Old

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15
Q

Young-Old

A

65-74 years

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16
Q

Medium-Old

A

75-84 years

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17
Q

Old-Old

A

85+

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18
Q

Factors leading to Increase in Older Adults

A

declining birth rate
immigration of older adults
extended lifespan

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19
Q

4 Developmental Characteristics

A

Simple to Complex
Proximal to Distal (Near to Far)
Head to Toe
General to Specific

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20
Q

3 Main Developmental Risk Factors

A

Genetic/Natural
Environment
Interacting (Genetic + environment)

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21
Q

Genetic/Natural Risk Factors

Study These Flashcards
A 
Genetic endowment (inheritance)
Temperament (individual personality)
22
Q

Environmental Risk Factors

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A

Family
Nutrition
Peer Group –> social relationships outside of the family
Rest, Sleep, Exercise
Living Environment –> season, climate, community life, SE status, physical environment, exposure to pollutants
Political/Policy Environment –> policies that impact individual health
Health Environment –> access to healthcare

23
Q

Interacting Factors (combines previous factors)

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A

Prenatal health –> biological/maturational factors + environmental factors
Life Experiences –> biological + environmental factors
Health status –> intrinsic + extrinsic factors

24
Q

Lifespan of women vs. men

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A 
Women = 83
Men = 78
25
2 Views on Biological Aging
Stochastic (Error) | Nonstochastic (Programmed/Predetermiend)
26
Stochastic Biological Aging
Aging caused by random cellular damage + errors in DNA/RNA synthesis. 1 - Wear & Tear 2 - Cross-linking 3 - Oxidative Stress (Free radicals)
27
Nonstochastic
Cellular age/death is programmed/predetermined cells have a limited number of replication cycles before they die Inner Biological Clock Theory
28
3 subconcepts of development
growth differentiation maturation
29
Developmental Age Groups (9)
``` Embryologic Infant Toddler Preschool School-age Adolescent Young Adult Middle Age Older Adult ```
30
Physical/Physiological development
growth in physical characteristics + functional ability | body systems, muscle, bones
31
Motor Development
development of muscles and bones growth in movement and ability to interact with physical environment gross & fine motor skills "refinement"
32
Cognitive Development
development of memory, self-regulation, processing/using information (application of knowledge), relationships between self + information
33
Social/Emotional Development
self-understanding, understanding others, understanding social interactions emotional intelligence, ability to maintain social relationships
34
Adaptive Development
range of skills enabling independence | eating, toileting, time management, etc.
35
Communication
speech acquisition, language skills. development concurs with neurological, cognitive, fine motor development sensory function + integration, interactional relationships
36
Common Aging Adjustments
``` Family changes Retirement Mortality Widowhood Income Decline in physical ability Shrinking social world ```
37
Physiological Changes with Age
``` Integumentary Respiratory Cardiovascular Gastrointestinal Genitourinary Neuromuscular Sensory Immune Musculoskeletal ```
38
Aphasia
Loss of ability to express/understand spoken/written language due to brain damage usually results from stroke
39
Apraxia
loss/impairment in the ability to manipulate objects/perform purposeful acts cause: neurological
40
Elderspeak
biased way of communicating with older adults | using plural pronouns, speaking loudly, petnames
41
Psychosocial Theories of Aging
Disengagement Theory ppl withdraw from roles/society Continuity Theory personality remains the same. behavior is predictable. Activity Theory maintenance of middle-aged activity imp for aging
42
Gerotrancendence Theory
people adjust with getting older by focusing on other/existential issues
43
7 Developmental Tasks for Older Adults
``` Decreasing physical reserves Retirement/changes in income Widowhood Morality Shrinking social world Maintenance of quality of life/living standards Family changes ```
44
Types of hearing loss
conductive sensorineural cerumen impaction
45
Conductive hearing loss
reduced sound transmission to middle ear | caused by physical abnormalities in external/middle ears
46
Sensorineural
neurological damage damage to neural pathways to brain presbycusis common type of hearing loss treated with hearing aids/cochlear implants
47
Cerumen impaction
hearing impacted by the formation of cerumen mounds (earwax) in the ear
48
Types of vision loss
glaucoma cataracts macular degeneration diabetic retinopathy
49
Glaucoma
eye conditions affecting the optic nerve
50
Macular degeneration
macula = part of the retina responsible for vision acuity
51
Physiological Changes of Older Adult
``` Neurological Gastrointestinal Cardiovascular Respiratory Musculoskeletal Endocrine Sensory Organs Integumentary Genitourinary/Reproductive Immunological/Homeostasis ```
52
Developmental Risk Factors
``` Prenatal Birth Individual Family Situation Determinants of Health Toxic Stress Health Status ```

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