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BSNC 1000 > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

3 Factors Affecting Stroke Volume

A

Contractility
Pre load
After load

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2
Q

Types of shock

A 
Anaphylactic
Pulmonary
Cardiogenic
Hypovolemic
Septic
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3
Q

Scope of Perfusion

A

Optimal –> Suboptimal –> No Perfusion

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4
Q

Types of Hypertension

A

Primary

Secondary

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5
Q

Primary Hypertension

A

Hypertension that occurs without an identified disease

Obscure causes

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6
Q

Secondary Hypertension

A

Hypertension that occurs as a result of an identified disease

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7
Q

Short Term Regulators of Blood flow

A

Neural
Cardiovascular Center –> receives input from baroreceptors + chemoreceptors

Hormonal
RAAS System –> angiotensin II, aldosterone
Vasopressin (ADH)
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine

Local
Blood vessel autoregulation

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8
Q

Longterm Regulators of Bloodflow

A

Kidneys

resp for filtering blood, reabsorption, excretion

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9
Q

Target-Organ Damage from Hypertension

A

Heart
Brain
Eyes
Kidneys

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10
Q

Cholectamine

A

Chemical messenger released into blood in responset to stress

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11
Q

Examples of Cholectamine

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

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12
Q

Contractility

A

force of myocardial contraction

determined by preload

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13
Q

Afterload

A

Resistance that must be overcome to eject blood from the left ventricle
impacted by blood viscosity, vasoconstriction

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14
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure

A

Average pressure of the arterial system through one cardiac cycle
Used as an indicator of perfusion

calculated by: cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

~60-100 mm Hg

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15
Q

Systolic vs. Diastolic Blood Pressure

A

Systolic BP = blood pressure in arteries during ventricular contraction

Diastolic BP = blood pressure in arteries during ventricular relaxation

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16
Q

Pulse Pressure

A

Measures pulsing nature of blood flow
Calculated by: systolic BP - diastolic BP

~40 mm HG

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17
Q

Peripheral Vascular Resistance

A

Resistance to blood flow in the systemic arteries

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18
Q

Heart Conduction System

A

SA Node –> AV Node –> AV Bundle –> Purkinje Fibers

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19
Q

Autoregulation

A

ability of organs to maintain optimal perfusion despite changes in blood pressure

local effect

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20
Q

High Blood Pressure

A 
systole = >140
diastole = >90
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21
Q

Diuresis

A

excretion of water/extracellular fluid by kidneys

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22
Q

Natriuresis

A

excretion of sodium by kidneys

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23
Q

Consequences of High SBP

A

leads to left ventricular hypertrophy

heart failure

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24
Q

Hypertensive Crisis

A 
systole = >180
diastole = >110

includes hypertensive urgency and hypertensive emergency

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25
Secondary Hypertension Risk Factors
Kidney disease Adrenal Cortical disease Pheochromocytoma Coarctation of aorta
26
Consequences of High DBP
decreased coronary perfusion | increases total peripheral resistance
27
Secondary Hypertension Risk Factors
Kidney disease Adrenal Cortical disease Pheochromocytoma Coarctation of aorta
28
Kidney Disorders
Acute glomerulonephritis Acute renal failure Acute urinary obstruction Atherosclerosis of renal blood vessels
29
Total Peripheral Resistance
Total resistance to blood flow in systemic circulatory system
30
Angiotensin II Effects
vasoconstrictor promote reabsorption of sodium in proximal convoluted tubule stimulate adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone
31
Aldosterone Effects
promote reabsorption of sodium in DCT | promote excretion of potassium in DCT
32
Hypertension & Blood Vessesls
``` Atherosclerosis Hypertrophy Inward Remodeling Vascular Stiffness Rearctation ```
33
Pheochromocytoma
catecholamine-secreting tumors of adrenal chromaffin cells continually release norepinephrine/epinephrine
34
Coarctation of Aorta
congenital issue | narrowing of the aorta lumen
35
Chromaffin cells
Secreting cells of the adrenal medulla
36
Effects of norepinephrine/epinephrine
Norepinephrine - vasoconstriction, increase heart rate (increase in cardiac output), increase myocardial contraction Epinephrine - inhibit insulin release, promotes glycolysis, decrease sweating, vasoconstriction blood vessels
37
Perfusion
flow of blood from arteries --> capillaries --> tissue can be calculated as blood flow/mass or (ml/min)/kg of unit mass optimal perfusion = when tissue receives sufficient blood flow to meet metabolic need (this varies)
38
Signs/symptoms of peripheral perfusion
``` capillary refill <2-3 seconds temperature of extremities skin tone pulse rates urine production bowel movements ```
39
Baseline history
trying to obtain a general assessment of a patient's health and relevant lifestyle factors ``` medication recreational/illicit drug use chronic conditions smoking diet exercise ```
40
Problem-based history
reported symptoms that could indicate impaired perfusion ``` dyspnea - shortness of breath syncope - fainting edema dizziness pain ```
41
Factors affecting blood pressure readings
``` caffeine bowel movement faulty equipment poor assessment technique pain medication (prescription or over-the-counter) ```
42
Physiological Changing of Aging
reduced arterial compliance (arteries stiffen and elastin is replaced with collagen) reduced arterial patency (atherosclerosis, occlusions) reduced baroreceptor sensitivity (reduced neural response) reduced cardiac output reduced renal blood flow (higher blood volume) increased peripheral resistance venous valves less effective --> peripheral edema
43
Measuring blood pressure
``` person has rested five minutes thirty minutes after exercise or caffeine sitting position, both feet on the floor arm at chest or heart level take two readings ```
44
Factors affecting central perfusion
``` reduction in cardiac output structural defects (heart valves, myocardial tissue) viscosity of blood (increases afterload) poor tissue perfusion to myocardium conduction issues ```
45
Factors affecting tissue perfusion
arterial compliance occlusion, obstruction in arteries poor central perfusion blood viscosity
46
Modifiable Risk Factors
Diet (alcohol, sodium, fat intake) Sedentary lifestyle Obesity Smoking
47
Non-modifiable Risk Factors
Race Age Sex Genetics (Family History)
48
What are Risk Factors?
habits or characteristics that make an individual more at risk for certain conditions/disease
49
Effects of Hypertension on blood vessels
``` Atherosclerosis Hypertrophy Vascular Stiffness Inward Remodeling Rarefaction ```
50
Target Organ Damage
``` Brain - Stroke, TIA Eyes - Retinopathy Kidneys - Kidney Disease Arteries - Atherosclerosis Heart - left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, aortic aneurysm, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease ```
51
Angina
severe chest pain accompanying an ischemic attack
52
Hypoxia
reduced oxygen levels in blood --> weakens cells
53
Arrhythmia
irregular heartbeat due to an issue in the electrical conduction system
54
Pathophysiology Interrelated Concepts
etiology - cause of disease pathogenesis - onset/development of disease clinical manifestation - signs/symptoms of disease
55
Hypoxia
decreased amount of O2 in tissue cells
56
Hypoxemia
decreased amount of O2 in arterial blood
57
Variations in Perfusion Impairment
duration (acute v. chronic) type (central v. tissue) degree (ischemia v. infarction)
58
Determinants of Perfusion
Blood pressure Cardiac output Peripheral vascular resistance
59
Shock
Critical condition that occurs when there is inadequate blood volume to supply the bodily tissues/organs central perfusion can no longer support tissue perfusion. various causes.
60
Areas of the cardiovascular center
Cardioinhibitor --> parasympathetic, decrease heart rate, vagus nerve Cardioaccelerator --> sympathetic, increase heart rate, cardiac accerelator nerve Vasomotor --> sympathetic, vasoconstriction,
61
Diagnostic Studies
Blood tests ECG Radiographic Studies Cardiac Stress Tests
62
Preload
volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole affected by venous return of blood to heart
63
Blood Vessel patency
openness/unobstructedness of artery diameter of lumen
64
What triggers renin release?
``` reduced sodium levels in blood reduced blood volume reduced perfusion to kidneys sympathetic nervous system stimulation angiotensin II ```
65
Factors contributing to resistance
``` blood viscosity length of blood vessel radius of blood vessel arterial compliance arterial patency ```
66
Types of arteries
large arteries --> more elastin > smooth muscle (higher compliance ex: aorta) small + medium arteries --> more smooth muscle > elastin (autoregulation of bloodflow)
67
Hypertensive urgency
Blood pressure >180/110 but no signs of end-organ damage. Treated with medication.
68
Hypertensive emergency
Blood pressure >180/110 with end-organ damage. Will require emergency medical interventions.
69
Arterial compliance
ability of arteries to respond to changes in pressure increased pressure --> arteries distend decreased pressure --> arteries retract
70
Physiological variations in blood pressure
age --> increased blood pressure stress --> temporary increase in blood pressure circadian rhythm --> time of day affects blood pressure
71
Baroreceptor response to blood pressure
baroreceptor = located in the arch of the aorta + carotid bodies mechanoreceptors that respond to stretch increased blood pressure = increased stretch = increased firing to the CV center --> parasympathetic activation --> vasodilation decreased blood pressure = decreased stretch = decreased firing to the CV center --> sympathetic stimulation --> vasoconstriction
72
Circulatory System Components
heart = pump arterial system = transport blood away from heart. pressure reservoir. elastic vessels. venous system = transport blood towards heart. blood reservoir. compliant vessels. have valves. capillary beds = site of gas exchange.
73
Determinants of Perfusion
blood pressure cardiac output peripheral vascular resistance
74
Prehypertension
<120-139/80-89
75
Stage 1 Hypertension
<140-159/90-99
76
Stage 2 Hypertension
>160/100
77
Treatment goals for hypertension
reduce modifiable risk factors goal BP for non-diabetic patients: <140/90 goal BP for diabetic patients: <130/80

BSNC 1000 (10 decks)

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