Module 1

Question 1

Feature

Answer 1

A nonportable element of a site.

Question 2

Profile

Answer 2

A map of the side-wall of the site.

Question 3

Screening

Answer 3

Excavated soil is run through mesh.

Question 4

Bulb of percussion, or, conchoidal fracture

Answer 4

A cone-shaped fracture that is made by applying force at a certain angle (unnatural, shows human activity).

Question 5

Absolute dating

Answer 5

Assign an actual date to an item.

Question 6

Relative dating

Answer 6

We know A is older than B, but we don’t know how old either are.

Question 7

Radiocarbon

Answer 7

Can provide accurate age estimates.

Question 8

Half-life

Answer 8

C14 decays at a constant pace, this is the half-life of the isotope.

Question 9

Phase

Answer 9

A classification system. Creates chronological sequence for cultures.

Question 10

Band

Answer 10

Pop. >1 000.
Minimal material culture.
Temporary structures.
Hunter-gatherers.

Question 11

Tribe

Answer 11

Pop. Up to a few thousand.
Permanent huts, shrines.
More elaborate material culture.

Question 12

Chiefdom

Answer 12

Pop. ~5 000 - 20 000 thousand.
Lots of elaborate material culture.
Large scale architecture.

Question 13

Early State, or, State Level Society

Answer 13

Pop. 20 000 or more.
There are palaces, temples, public buildings.
Elaborate material culture, there are full-time craft specialists.

Question 14

Economic organization

Answer 14

How people work and why.

Question 15

Social organization

Answer 15

Leadership (if any), and jobs that people have.

Question 16

Repeated occupation

Answer 16

Can result in the movement of items, and can transform deposits.

Question 17

Intentional remodelling

Answer 17

Many sites were changed over the years, easier to see with architecture, but can still be seen in hunter-gatherer.

Question 18

Context

Answer 18

Finding artifacts in certain areas can change the meaning. We can classify items, but not know their use. Items get damaged, stolen, altered, destroyed.

Question 19

Systemic context

Answer 19

The use (of an artifact).

Question 20

Abandonment

Answer 20

Group leaving a site behind.

Question 21

C-transforms

Answer 21

Changes brought by the cultural world (humans).

Question 22

N-transforms

Answer 22

Natural transformations.

Question 23

Formation processes

Answer 23

C-transforms and N-transforms.

Question 24

Association

Answer 24

The relationship between items and where they’re found.

Question 25

Ecofact

Answer 25

Archaeological finds that are cultural significant, but were not made by humans.

Question 26

Collective past

Answer 26

We all share the same ancestors, it's all our collective past.

Question 27

Selective past

Answer 27

Only certain aspects of history hold value for an individual.

Question 28

National heritage

Answer 28

A country's traditions or features that have continued for generations.

Question 29

National Historic Preservation Act (USA)

Answer 29

Established permanent institutions and defined the process for historic preservation.

Question 30

Heritage Conservation Act (BC)

Answer 30

To encourage and facilitate the conservation of heritage property in BC.

Question 31

Public insitution

Answer 31

The responsibility of the government.

Question 32

NAGPRA

Answer 32

The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act. Recognizes that Native human remains must be treated with respect, and provides a process for their repatriation.

Question 33

Cultural Resource Management (CRM)

Answer 33

Cultural heritage management.

Question 34

Heritage Resource Management (HRM)

Answer 34

Determines what is "heritage," and how to conserve and use them.

Question 35

Archaeological Resource Management (ARM)

Answer 35

Provides consultations to private and public agencies.