Module 10 Flashcards

Membrane Transport (62 cards)

1
Q

What part of the bilayer is hydrophobic

A

interior

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2
Q

Hydrophilic part of bilayer

A

exterior

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3
Q

Cholersterol

A

Lipid
Thicker and impenetrable, but softer

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4
Q

What makes the membrane semipermeable

A

structure and mic of proteins and lipids included

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5
Q

How is membrane fluidity influenced

A

Types of lipids

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6
Q

Why is membrane fluidity important
for what system?

A

Allows membranes to break and reform for the movement of substance through the endomembrane system

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7
Q

What is the cell membrane a selective barrier to what

A

, polar, charged, and large molecules

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8
Q

Why can them membrane act as selective

A

combo of lipids and protiens

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9
Q

Interior of the bilayer prevents what from entering the cell

A

hydrophobic nonpolar
Charged ions and polar molecules

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10
Q

Large molecules

A

polysaccharides, proteins

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11
Q

Small gasses

A

o2, co2, n2

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12
Q

Transport proteins can facilitate movement of

A

water, ions, and nutrients

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13
Q

How do chemical reactions occur

A

as a result of interactions between molecules and cannot occur unless they bump into eachother

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14
Q

Concentration gradient

A

There are areas of higher and lower concentration

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15
Q

Diffusion’s net movement

A

area of high to low concentration

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16
Q

diffusion is a result of

A

random movement of molecules

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17
Q

Dynamic equalibrium

A

movement of molecules in both directions continues

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18
Q

Passive transport

A

Molecules move across the membrane by diffusion, as a result of concentration difference between the inside and outside the cell

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19
Q

What hydrophobic molecules can diffuse into the cell
why

A

steroids, lipids
the lippid bilayer is also hydrophobic

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20
Q

Transport protien

A

Transmembrane protein that spans the cell membrane and provides a route for substance to enter and exit the cell

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21
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

diffusion across a cell through a transport protein
high to low concentration

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22
Q

Channel protein

A

Type of transport protein
Provides opening between the inside and outside of the cell where certain molecules can pass, depending on shape and charge

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23
Q

Gated channel protiens

A

open in response to some sort of signal; chemical or electrical

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24
Q

Carrier Protein

A

Binds to and then transports specific molecules across the cell membrane

When binding happens, shape changes to allow molecule to move across the bilayer

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25
Aquaporins
Water channels that allow water to enter and exit cell by FACILITATED DIFFUSION
26
REsult of ions moving across membrane
cell can have different amount of electrical charge than the outside
27
Membrane Potiental
CHARGE DIFFERENCES between the inside and outside of a cell due to differences in charged ions Electrical signals
28
Membrane potential cause
Movement of ions across cell
29
Active transport
Requires an input of cellular energy
30
Primary active transport
Cell uses ATP directly Break down of Adenosine triphosphate
31
Secondary active transport
Uses ATP indirectly to move molecules across the membrane
32
What do transport proteins do with energy
Use it to change shape and pumps molecules
33
Sodium potassium pump
A transmembrane protein that actively moves sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions in Uses energy from ATP bonds AGAINST concentration gradients
34
Antiporters
One molecule moves into the cell, while another one moves out of the cell
35
Symporters
One transport protein that moves two molecules in the SAME direction
36
How do concentrations of ions build up on one side of the cell
Transport proteins pump ions into the cells
37
Concentration gradients in 2ndary transport
Stores energy that can be harnessed to drive the movement of other molecules across the membrane, against their concentration gradient.
38
Molecules the flow from areas of higher to lower concentration happen when
As ions move from areas of higher to lower concentration 2ndary transport
39
Movement of molecules is driven by the movement of ions, not atp directly
2ndary active transport
40
What drive secondary active transport
The energy stored in an electrochemical gradient
41
Proton pumps through active transport can cause what
The concentration of protons to build up on one side of the cell membrane. A CONCENTRATION gradient
42
Concentration gradient movememnt
Favors movement of protons back to the other side
43
What blocks the movement of protons back to the otherside after primary transport What does this cause
The lipid bilayer blocks movement It stores the energy
44
Electrotrical Graident
Difference in charge of a membrane Ions move from areas of like to unlike charge Protons --> MORE NEGATIVE side As protons move out, other molecules are pushed into the cell, 2ndary transport
45
Electrical chemical gradient
A gradient that has both a chemical and charge component
46
Why can transport proteins use the movement of protons down their gradient to drive the movement of other molecules against their concentration gradient
The electrochemical gradient` moves protons back.
47
Where do molecules end up with diffusion
The cytoplasam of the cell
48
Vessicles
Small spherical organelles that trabel between organelles of the ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM in eukaryotic cells
49
Where are contents released during endocytosis
outside the cell
50
exotysis
Where vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents to the EXTRACELLULAR SPACE
51
what does exocytosis depend on
fluid and dynamic nature of the cell membrane vesicles fuse with membrane
52
Exocytosis and waste
remove cytoplasmic waste, packed into vesicles and fused with the cell membrane, releasing waste outside the cell.
53
Exocytosis and neurotransmitters
neurotransmitters are packaged into vesicles by nerve cells, and released by exocytosis, travel through extracellular space, where they bind to receptors on surface of an adjacent nerve.
54
Exocytosis and protiens
Deliver proteins, embedded on rough endoplasmic reticulum as they are synthesized Vesicles carry proteins that were associated with the membrane , and fuse them with surrounding membranes
55
Endocytosis
Vesicle buds off from the cell membrane towards towards the cell interior or INVAGINATES, enclosing materials from outside the cell, into the cell
56
Phagocytosis
Cells ingest large particles, microorganisms, and dead cells.
57
What part of the cell digests waste
lysosomes
58
Where do materials end up through endo and exocytosis
In and out of vessicels
59
Where do things end up in active and passive transport
in the cytosol of the cytoplasm
60
Where does endo and exocytosis uniquely occur in
Eukaryotes
61
Why is a dynamic cytoskeleton needed for in tranportation
Shuttle vesicles around the interior of the cell, directing their movement in endocytosis.
62
Consequence of accelerated pace of transportation
Eukaryotic cells are much larger.