Module 19

Question 1

Cell Work

Answer 1

moving ,dividing, and transporting substances in and out

Question 2

Fitness

Answer 2

the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce in a particular environment

Question 3

What do the laws of thermodynamics describe

Answer 3

How energy behaves in a system
How energy is TRANSFORMED

Question 4

What is photosynthesis and where is energy stored

Answer 4

Light energy converted to chemical energy
Energy is stored within the bonds of carbohydrates

Question 5

What is cellular respiration

Answer 5

Energy-rich bonds within carbohydrates are broken, and pack released energy into ATP molecules to do cell work

Question 6

Molten

Answer 6

Earth had no rocks nor evidence of life

Question 7

Stromatolites

Answer 7

Layered sedimentary structures produced by microbial communities on shallow sea floors and lake bottoms

Question 8

Earliest forms of life

Answer 8

prokaryotic; unicellular organisms with no nucleus

Question 9

How did our earliest life forms evolve

Answer 9

Prokaryotes evolved multiple metabolic pathways

Question 10

What kind of the pathways did our earliest life forms use and why

Answer 10

Probably a fermentation pathway to generate ATP energy, because our early atmosphere contained little to no oxygen gas

Question 11

What happened during fermentation

Answer 11

Glucose is only partially oxidized , so only some of the energy held within its chemical bonds is transferred to ATP

Question 12

Why do we know that fermentation was the process held within our early organisms

Answer 12

It is anaerobic and because nearly all organisms are capable of partially breaking down glucose, telling that this pathway evolved very early in history and maintained.

Question 13

What carbohydrate is commonly used to store energy

Answer 13

glucose

Question 14

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Answer 14

When oxygen is the final electron acceptor of the respiratory electron chain

Question 15

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

Answer 15

When any other molecule, such as sulfate or nitrate, is the final electron acceptor of the respiratory electron chain

Question 16

Where is the electron transport chain located

Answer 16

In the cell membrane

Question 17

When did anaerobic cellular respiration likely evolve

Answer 17

After fermentation, to harness ADDITIONAL ENERGY from glucose in the absence of oxygen

Question 18

Why did protein pumps likely evolve

Answer 18

To maintain a neutral pH in early prokaryotes, since the earth’s environment was likely acidic

They pumped out H+ ions/ protons out of the cell

Question 19

How do protein pumps get energy

Answer 19

From ATP directly or from electron transport, just like in photosynthesis and respiratory transport chains today

Question 20

What pathways use the electron transport chain

Answer 20

Fermentation, and cellular respiration

Question 21

Which bacteria evolved the ability to carry out a form of photosynthesis that produces oxygen

Answer 21

cyanobacteria

Question 22

Type of photosynthesis that produces oxygen

Answer 22

oxygenic photosynthesis

Question 23

Why didn’t initial forms of photosynthesis not produce oxygen

Answer 23

They didn’t use water as their electron donor, and therefore couldn’t have O2 as a byproduct

Question 24

How did oxygen begin to accumalate on earth

Answer 24

photosynthesis

Question 25

What must've happen to a cell for it to be capable of oxygenic photsynthesis

Answer 25

It must have incorporated cyanobacteria by endosymbiosis

Question 26

What is the cyanobacteria, now, in eukaryotic cells

Answer 26

It has evolved into the chloroplast

Question 27

What, evolutionary wise, is the thylakoid membrane

Answer 27

the internal photosynthetic membrane found in cyanobacteria

Question 28

What is the stroma of the chloroplast, evolutionarily speaking

Answer 28

cytoplasm of the ancestral cynobacterium

Question 29

What can photosynthesis produce that is toxic to the cell

Answer 29

reactive oxygen species

Question 30

Oxygen Catastrophe/ Oxygen Crisis

Answer 30

The accumulation of o2 gas on the atmosphere and the MASSIVE LOSS OF LIFE that occurred

Question 31

What did O2 in the atmosphere lead to in evolution

Answer 31

New ways to EXTRACT ENERGY from organic molecules

Question 32

What form of cellular respiration release more energy in the form of ATP

Answer 32

Aerobic cellular respiration

Question 33

How did new metabolic pathways increase evolutionary fitness of some organisms

Answer 33

Increased ability to survive and reproduce in their environment

Question 34

What is chlorophyll and what does it do

Answer 34

Chlorophyll is a pigment that absorbs and reflects light - Reflects green light, which is why they appear green

Question 35

Anthocyanin

Answer 35

Pigment that reflects red, blue, or purple depending on the pH of its environment

Question 36

Carotenoids

Answer 36

Pigments that reflect red, orange, and yellow pigments

Question 37

What kind of carotenoid give carrots their orange color

Answer 37

Carotenes

Question 38

What kind of carotenoids give yellow-orange pigments

Answer 38

Xanthophylls

Question 39

How do xanthophylls reduce light energy

Answer 39

They take absorbed light from the chlorophyll and CONVERT THIS LIGHT ENERGY into HEAT, preventing the formation of dangerous reactive oxygen species that are toxic to the cell

Question 40

What happens to plants that lack xanthophylls in moderate light

Answer 40

They grow poorly or die, because they are not protected from the full range of light energy

Question 41

Hemoglobin

Answer 41

Molecule in red blood cells in which oxygen is bound to It transports this oxygen around to cells throughout the body

Question 42

How do molecules or structure evolve to have diverse roles

Answer 42

They evolve over time through common ancestors

Question 43

Hemoglobin structure

Answer 43

4 globin subunits

Question 44

Heme groups

Answer 44

Each globin has a heme group with an iron atom It reversibly binds one oxygen molecule, allowing the transport of oxygen from the lungs to tissues for respiration

Question 45

Fetal Hemoglobin

Answer 45

Has higher affinity for O2 than does adult hemoglobin, allowing the fetus to attain sufficient O2

Question 46

How do variants of hemoglobin differ

Answer 46

In structure and how tightly they bind to oxygen

Question 47

How do animals who live in high altitudes receive enough oxygen, although their air has less oxygen in it

Answer 47

Their hemoglobins have HIGHER AFFINITY for O2, binding more readily to oxygen than animas at sea level

Question 48

Myoglobin structure and its effect

Answer 48

It only has one globin subunit and one heme group, so Myoglobin has a higher affinity for O2, binding more tightly to it

Question 49

Where is myoglobin found and its effect

Answer 49

Found in vertebrae muscles, so hemoglobin in the blood vessels release oxygen to exercising muscles, since the myoglobin readily and tightly gets the O2 molecules

Question 50

Why is Myoglobin important in muscle cells that depend on aerobic respiration to produce ATP

Answer 50

Myoglobin can quickly release O2 on the onset of activity

Question 51

Why do deep diving mammals need myoglobin

Answer 51

They load up with O2 at the surface and Myoglobin supplies O2 to produce ATP, when air is not available to them to breath

Question 52

Increased forms throughout evolution allow for what

Answer 52

Fitness throughout diverse environments.