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Module 34 Flashcards

Translation (55 cards)

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1
Q

Translation

A

The process where a molecule of mRNA is used to guide the synthesis of a protein

Built by specialized molecular structures within the cell

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2
Q

What reads the mRNA

A

ribosomes and tRNA

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3
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis
Organize the process of translation
-Catalyze the reaction that joins amino acids together
-Translate proper reading frames
-Holds in place the various components required for translation

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4
Q

What makes up ribosomes

A

rRNA and protein

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5
Q

Ribosome structure

A

1 large and 1 small subunit

Subunits are made from 1-3 types of rRNA and 20-50 types of ribosomal proteins

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6
Q

Reading Frames

A

Different ways/combinations of parsing letters into words

XWTHEBIGBOY

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7
Q

Codons

A

In mRNA, Codes for a single amino acid in the polypeptide chain

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8
Q

tRNA

A

Translate each codon into an amino acid
-acts as a bridge from the mRNA to the protein sequence

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9
Q

What does each end of tRNA do

A

one end binds to the mRNA strand (anticodon segment) and the other attaches to an amino acid (sequence that binds to a specific amino acid)

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10
Q

Anticodon

A

three bases at the bottom of the tRNA molecule that undergo base pairing with the corresponding codon in the mRNA

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11
Q

Why does the first base of the mRNA codon pair with the last base on the anticodon

A

first= 5’
last = 3’
They are antiparallel

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12
Q

How are amino acids attached to tRNA

A

By enzymes called Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases

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13
Q

How many Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases do u have if there are 20 different amino acids being coded

A

20

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14
Q

Genetic Code

A

Relationship between the three nucleotides (codon) and its specific amino acid in a protein

61 codons that correspond to 20 amino acids

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15
Q

Why is the genetic code “redundent”

A

Multiple codons can code for the same amino acid

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16
Q

Initiation Codon

A

The codon where translation begins

AUG –> (Met/ methionine) amino acid

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17
Q

In what direction are polypeptides synthesized in

A

Amino end to the carboxyl end

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18
Q

What end does methionine form

A

the amino end any polypeptide being synthesized

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19
Q

Stop Codons

A

Signal where translation terminates and the protein is released

-UAA, UAG, UGA

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20
Q

Nicknames for stop codons

A

Nonsense codons or termination codons

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21
Q

Codon evidence for a common ancestor

A

Genetic code is nearly universal

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22
Q

Three processes of translation

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
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23
Q

Translation Initiation

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A

The initiator codon, AUG, is recognized and the Met amino acid is established in the new polypeptide chain

24
Q

Translation Elongation

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A

Successive amino acids are added to the growing chain, one by one

25
Translation Termination
The addition of amino acids stops and the completed polypeptide chain is released from the ribosome
26
What does the position of the AUG establish
The translation reading frame
27
The initiation complex
Protein initiation factors bind to the mRNA, the tRNA w/ the met, and the small ribosome unit Moves along mRNA until it reaches the UG codon
28
When does the large ribosomal unit join the initiation complex
When the AUG codon is encountered by the initiation complex
29
What happens when the large ribosomal unit joins the initiation complex
The initiation factors are released, and the next tRNA is ready to join the ribosome
30
Dehydration Synthesis
H2O is a product Builds products
31
Hydrolysis
H2O is a reactant Breaks down reactants
32
What binds amino acids together and how does this bond form
Peptide bonds are formed Dehydration synthesis forms these bonds
33
What catalyzes the dehydration synthesis between amino acids
An RNA molecule within the large RNA subunit
34
When is the OG tRNA released from the ribosome
When the ribosome shifts one codon to the right
35
What creates new site for the next tRNA to come into place
When the ribosome shifts one codon to the right
36
What steps are repeated during elongation
New tRNA binds to the ribosome A peptide bond forms between the amino acids The tRNA is released from the ribosome through a shift
37
How does the ribosome bind to tRNA during each step of elongation
The tRNA anticodon base pairs to the mRNA codon
38
What kind of end of the polypeptide chain does the newest amino acid become
The new carboxyl end of the polypeptide chain
39
Where and on what end of elongation factors bond to on the mRNA
Bond to GTP molecules that serve as a cap on the 5' end of the mRNA molecule
40
What parts of elongation require energy
The movement of the ribosome along the mRNA molecules The formation of the peptide bond between amino acids
41
Where does the energy for the steps in elongation come from
Elongation factors (proteins) They break high-energy bonds
42
When does initiation begin
When the initiation factors are bond to the small ribosomal subunit, the tRNA carrying the Met, and the mRNA
43
What happens when the stop codon is reached
Polypeptide synthesis stops A protein release factor is released and binds to the ribosome
44
What does the protein release factor do when it attaches to the ribosome
It causes the bond connecting the polypeptide to the tRNA to break Creates the carboxyl terminus of the polypeptide + completes the chain
45
What creates the carboxyl terminus of the polypeptide during termination
When the protein release factor binds to the ribosome
46
When does the release factor bind to the ribosome
When the termination codon is encountered
47
Where is the initiation complex formed in eukaryotes
At the GTP cap, which is released once it reaches the AUG codon
48
Do prokaryotes have GTP caps
No
49
Where are the initiation complex found in prokaryotes
They are formed at one or more than one INTERNAL SEQUENCE that is then followed by AUG
50
How many polypeptides can be made by a mRNA strand in a eukaryote
Only one
51
How many prokaryotes can be synthesized by on mRNA strand in a prokaryote
Multiple
52
Why can prokaryotes form multiple polypeptides from one mRNA strand
They have no GTP caps Their ability to initiate translation internally It is an OPERON
53
Operon
Gene organization in which a group of genes are located in a row along DNA and are transcribed as a single unit from one promoter
54
Pros of operons
Allows all the protein products to be expressed together whenever they are needed -such as for the successive steps of the synthesis of smaller molecules, such as amino acids
55

AP Bio (24 decks)

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