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Module 31 Flashcards

Gene Expression and Regulation

1
Q

Where do cells store information

A

DNA

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2
Q

What do cells uses DNA/ information for

A

identity, function, and sustain life

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3
Q

How do all cells transmit information

A

Cell division
-Mitosis and meiosis

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4
Q

Cell cycle

A

Cell grows, copies chromosomes, and divides through mitosis.

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5
Q

How do sexually reproducing cells transmit traits

A

Inheritance
Mitotic cell division,

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6
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Informational molecules

-DNA, RNA

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7
Q

In what form do nucleic acids carry information

A

Nucleotides

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8
Q

What do the nucleotides within DNA code for

A

Amino acid sequences for proteins

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9
Q

RNA function

A

Gene expression
Protein synthesis

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10
Q

What type of bonds hold nucleotides together

A

covalent

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11
Q

Nucleotide structure

A

5-carbon sugar
nitrogen base
phosphate group

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12
Q

Nucleic acids building block

A

Nucleotides

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13
Q

Sugar in DNA

A

Deoxyribose
H at 2nd carbon

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14
Q

Sugar in RNA

A

OH at 2nd carbon

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15
Q

Pyrimidine Bases
Rings, H-bonds, and bases

A

Single Ringed
T, C, U
3 H-bonds

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16
Q

Purine Bases

A

Double-Ringed
A, G

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17
Q

Phosphodiester Bonds
What are they
What part of DNA do they form

A

Form between a phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of another nucleotide
Form the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA

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18
Q

What kind of bond are phosphodiester bonds

A

Covalent Bonds

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19
Q

What base pairing makes 2 Hydrogen Bonds

A

A-T

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20
Q

What base pairing makes 3 Hydrogen Bonds

A

G-C

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21
Q

What is base pairing a result of

A

hydrogen bonding between nucleotide bases

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22
Q

How is DNA so various and able to carry genetic info for so many spieces

A

There is no restriction to a nucleotide sequence within the DNA strand

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23
Q

How is genetic information encoded within DNA molecules

A

Throughout the sequence of bases

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24
Q

Where do cells come from

A

Preexisting cells

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25
Functional unit of life
Cell
26
DNA Replication What is and purpose
Process of duplicating DNA Allows genetic information to be passed from cell to cell AND from organism to progeny
27
Progeny
Offspring
28
How do we know that replication evolved early in life's history
It occurs in virtually the same way for all organism
29
What allows DNA to be stably and reliable passed down from generation to generation
The structure Each parental strand serves as a template for the daughter cell Corresponding base pairs
30
Mutations cause
Environmental insults (radiation, carcinogens) Accidents by Polymerase
31
Protein functions
Enzymes, channels, transporters, structural support
32
What determines a protein function or how they fold
Their amino acid sequence DNA determines amino acid sequence
33
What is a proteins amino acid sequence determined by
DNA
34
The Central Dogma
A theory that describes the pathway of information from DNA --> RNA --> Protein Basic flow of information in a cell
35
Transcription
The process where DNA is used to build an RNA molecule They are copied using nucleotides
36
What language is used when transcribing
Nucleotides
37
Translation
Process where protein is synthesized from RNA
38
What language change happens during translation
Nucleotide to amino acid
39
How much of a DNA molecule is used to make a protein
ONLY a segment A Gene
40
Gene
A DNA segment sequence that corresponds to a specific product, like a protein
41
Exceptions to the flow of information
HIV- flows in reverse Flu replication- RNA to RNA
42
Gene Expression
The process by which a gene is transcribed and transferred
43
When are genes turned on / expressed
When a gene produces a protein
44
Gene Regulation 4 parts
The process that controls if, when, where, or for how long a gene is expressed
45
Housekeeping Genes
Genes that are expressed almost all of the time -metabolism
46
How does cell specification occur
Through gene regulation Muscle cells express genes that encode proteins that cause muscle contractions.
47
Noncoding RNA
RNA is not translated because they don't code for proteins
48
What CAN noncoding proteins do
Help in translation, catalytic activity, act as enzymes
49
Where does transcription and translation occur in Eurkayotic cells
Transcription in the nucleus Translation in the cytoplasm
50
Where does transcription and translation occur in Prokaryotic cells
In the cytoplasm
51
Why is each step of protein synthesis well-regulated in eukaryotes
Time and Space from nucleus to cytoplasm
52
Chromosome differences between prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
Prokaryotes have one circular chromosome in each cell while Eukaryotes have multiple (23 pairs in humans) linear chormosomes
53
Chromosomes
Structure within each cell that is made up of a single DNA strand, associated with proteins
54
How are chromosomes passed from cell to cell
They replicate and pass during cell division Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission Eukaryotic cells divide by mitosis and cytokinesis
55
Chromosomes purpose
A way to package long DNA molecules
56
Problem with circular chromosomes and base pairing
Not enough pair, because it makes fewer turns, resulting in a strain
57
Supercoils
DNA molecules coil on itself Relieves the strain on DNA, allowing base pairs to form Prokaryotic cells only
58
Nucleoids
DNA structure with multiple loops/ supercoils
59
What binds supercoils together/ forms loops in prokaryotic DNA molecules
proteins
60
What compresses DNA molecules into compact circles in prokaryotes
supercoiling and protein binding that form the loops
61
Plasmid
Additional DNA within prokaryotes in the form of circles Replicate independently from main DNA
62
Purpose of the plasmid
Not essential for survival Helps with survival and reproduction under specific environmental conditions.
63
Chromatin
The DNA-protein complex within Eukaryotic cells How DNA is packaged in Eukaryotic cells
64
Histone Proteins
Evolutionary conserved DNA winds up around these proteins
65
Nucleosomes
How histone proteins are organized within eukaryotic cells Rich in lysine and arginine (amino acids)
66
The first level of DNA packaging
"Beads on strings" Nucleosomes are the beads and DNA is the string DNA winds around nucleosomes, forming the chormatin
67
What forms the chromatin
Nucleosomes Eukaryotic cells
68
Chromosome condensation
The progressive packaging and condensing of shorter, thicker chromosomes (the chromatin) Active, energy-consuming process
69
Chromosome Scaffold
Supporting protein structure within chromosomes
70
Relationship between gene expression and gene regulation
It regulates protein synthesis/ function When, where, if, and for how long a gene is expressed
71
Four Bases of DNA Sequence
Cytosine, Thymine, Guanine, Adenine

AP Bio (24 decks)

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