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AP Bio > Module 4/5 > Flashcards

Module 4/5 Flashcards

1
Q

DNA and RNA

A

are both assembled from nucleotide subunits
-5-carbon sugar
-phosphate group
-nitrogen base

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2
Q

What forms the sugar phosphate backbone is DNA and RNA

A

Each nucleotide monomer is connected by covalent bonds forming the sugar- phosphate backbone

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3
Q

Each linear strand of nucleotides has a ___ and ____ backbone

A

5’ and 3’ backbone

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4
Q

DNA contains

A

deoxyribose sugar
H-

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5
Q

RNA contains

A

ribose sugar
OH-

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6
Q

Which nitrogen bases are in BOTH DNA and RNA

A

Cytosine, Guanine, and Adenine

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7
Q

Which nitrogen base is found in DNA

A

Thymine

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8
Q

Which nitrogen base is found in RNA

A

Uracil

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9
Q

the three dimensional structure of proteins determines its

A

functional properties and enables the protein to carry out its job in the cell

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10
Q

What does DNA do

A

Store genetic information, encoded into its sequence of subunits
Encodes proteins that give structure and do work
Transmit genetic info

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11
Q

Polymers of nucleotides

A

Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA

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12
Q

Nitrogen Base

A

A cyclic molecule that contains NITROGEN, CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN.

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13
Q

Purines

A

double-ringed structure

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14
Q

Which nitrogen bases are Purines

A

Adenine and Guanine

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15
Q

Pyrimidines

A

single-ringed structure

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16
Q

Which N-bases are pyrimidines

A

Thymine and Cytosine

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17
Q

5-Carbon sugar in DNA

A

Attached to the N-base
Deoxyribose

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18
Q

in DNA deoxyribose 2’

A

has a H-atom

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19
Q

in DNA deoxyribose 3’

A

has an hydroxyl group, OH-

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20
Q

Phosphate group make up

A

Consists of a central P atom, covalently bonded to four OXYGEN atoms

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21
Q

Phosphate group characteristics

A

Functional group
-polar
-negatively charged

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22
Q

Which C atom is the phosphate group attached to in DNA/RNA

A

the 5’ carbon
Phosphate group will have a NEGATIVE charge on 2 of its oxygen atoms

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23
Q

Why is DNA a mild ACID

A

DNA’s cellular pH is around 7
The free HYDROXYL GROUP attaches to the phosphorus atoms, and is IONIZED by the LOST OF A PROTON

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24
Q

What are monosaccharides joined by

A

Glycosidic Bonds

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25
What are amino acids joined by
Peptide bonds
26
What are nucleotides joined by
Phosphodiester bonds -can withstand heat, and pH changes that would break weaker bonds
27
Where is the phosphodiester bond in nucleotides
Vertical lines that connect the 3' carbon of one nucleotide to the 5' carbon of the next C-O-P-O-C linkage is a A SERIES of covalent bonds, collectively known as a phosphodiester bond
28
What traces the backbone of a DNA strand
Phosphodiester bonds Each sugar links to the phosphate group of the neighboring nucleotide by phosphodiester bonds
29
What gives DNA strand their directionality
The phosphodiester linkages in the DNA strand
30
What is directionality
Polarity One side differs from the other
31
5' end
Free 5' phophaate
32
3' end
Free 3' hydroxyl
33
Why do we need to specify which end is which?
the directionality of DNA strands
34
Polymerize
Can grow
35
When are phosphodiester bonds formed DNA SYNTHESIS
when a nucleotide with three phosphate groups (nucleotide triphosphate) joins a growing chain A NUCLEOTIDE TRIPHOSPHATE REACTS WITH AN EXISTING DNA MOLECULE TO extend the molecule by adding new nucleotides
36
what is a nucleotide triphosphate
A nucleotide with three phosphate groups
37
Directionality of a nucleotide triphosphate added to the 3', OH of DNA
5' --> 3' 5' to 3' direction
38
What happens to the three phosphate groups of the incoming nucleotide triphosphates during DNA synthesis
Only 1 of the phosphate groups is used to make the sugar-phosphate BACKBONE The other 2 phosphate groups are RELEASED or attached to each other and abbreviated PP (subscript i)
39
What gives nucleotides their chemical identity
The N-bases attached to the sugars
40
Antiparallel
DNA strands run opposite of eachother
41
Base pair characteristics
Each base pair has one PURINE and one PYRIMIDINE Maintains the structure of the double helix and preserves the backbones along the length of the molecule
42
Base pairs
A and T G and C
43
Complementary bases
Base pairs are complementary The paired strands in a double-helix have different base sequences
44
Which base pairs are stronger in RNA than in RNA
A and T only form 2 H-bonds G and C form 3 H-bonds
45
Why is RNA less stable than DNA
The ribose sugar has a hydroxyl group on its 2' carbon These groups are highly reactive functional groups In DNA 2' has a H+
46
Which base is different in RNA
Uracil replaces Thymine
47
RNA base pairs
A-U G-C
48
Function of RNA
RNA acts as an INTERMEDIATE between DNA and proteins during PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
49
Function of DNA
specifies the sequence of amino acid subunits, which composes proteins, which will determine the structure and function of the protein DNA must act through RNA
50
Central Dogam
The flow of information from DNA and RNA to protein
51
Protien
Preform cell work, provide structure
52
Protein subunits
Amino Acids
53
Ovalbumin
predominant egg white protein A protein polymer consisting of thousands of bonded amino acids
54
Amino Acid Structure
1. Amino Group 2. Carboxyl group 3. H-atom 4. R-group/ side chain
55
Amino group
HN
56
Carboxyl Group
COOH
57
Hydrophobic Amino Acids
R groups aggregate with each other Tend to be buried in interior of folded protein
58
Hydrophilic amino acids
Found on surface of protein
59
Glycine
R group is an H-atom Increases flexibility of backbone
60
Proline
C- chain attached to amino group Introduces kink to protein
61
Crysteine
Can form DISULFIDE which can connect different parts of the same protein
62
Dehydration synthesis reaction
Monomers are linked by covalent bonds H2O becomes a byproduct
63
Hydrolysis Reaction
BREAK THE COVALENT bonds by ADDING water across the bond Gains H+ and OH- group in the products
64
Peptide Bonds Link
Amino Acids to form proteins
65
Formation of a peptide bond is an example of
A dehydration synthesis. Creates bonds, while losing a water molecule
66
Peptide Bonds
The covalent linkage between the CARBON atom of the CARBOXYL group of one amino acid joined to the NITROGEN in the AMINO group of the next.
67
N terminus
amino end
68
C terminus
Carboxyl end
69
Peptide
A short polymer of amino acids
70
Poly Peptides
A long polymer of amino acids
71
Protein
a polypeptide folded into a stable 3D conformation
72
Primary sequence
Sequence of amino acids in a protein - will determind how the protein folds
73
Secondary Structure
Formed by interactions between stretches of amino acids in a protein
74
The 2 types of secondary structures of a protein
Alpha helix and Beta sheet
75
Tertiary structure
The 3D shape
76
Denatured
ProteIns can be unfolded by CHEMICAL TREATMENTS or HIGH TEMPERATURES Proteins lose their activity
77
Quaternary structure
Proteins composed of 2 or more polypeptide chains or subunits Combinations of various tertiary structures.

AP Bio (24 decks)

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