Module 11 Wk1 Flashcards
(326 cards)
1
Q
T/F rabbits are rodents
A
False - they are lagaomorpha
2
Q
what are crepuscular animals
A
They are animals that are more active late evening, during the night and early morning and then sleep during the day
3
Q
T/F are rabbit lifespans varied?
A
True
4
Q
What 3 things can impact on rabbits lifespan?
A
- Breed (bigger = less and smaller = longer)
- diet
- Husbandry
5
Q
What is the normal heart rate of a rabbit?
A
180-300 bpm
6
Q
What is the normal range for resp rate in rabbits?
A
30-60 per min
7
Q
If the rabbit is stressed what number can resp rate go up too?
A
greater than 100 per min
8
Q
Name 6 main rabbit breeds we Talk about
A
- Lop
- Loinhead
- Dutch
- English Rabbit
- Netherland Dwarf
- Giant
9
Q
which breed is likely to have problems with their ears and why?
A
Lops - because they have floppy ears so things can get trapped and there is a higher temp
10
Q
Name the most important part of rabbits GI system
A
Ceacum
11
Q
What is found at the ieoceacal junction in the rabbit that is made of lymphoid tissue?
A
The saculus rotundudus
12
Q
what is the function of the saculus rotundas?
A
Acts as a valve to stop contects going bcak into SI from LI
13
Q
What is found between the proximal and distal aspects of colon
A
Fusous Coli
14
Q
What is the function of the Fusous Coli
A
Acts as a pacemaker which activates mobility at this part of the intestine
15
Q
what is found at the end of the ceacum in the rabbit?
A
Ceacal appendix
16
Q
What type of tissue makes up the Ceacal appendix?
A
Lymphoid tissue
17
Q
What is the function of the Ceacal appendix?
A
Control pH for fermentation here
18
Q
T/F the Ceacal Appendix plays crucial role and regulates contaction in gut
A
False - Fusous Coli does
19
Q
T/F rabbits chew the ceaotrophs?
A
False
20
Q
What is the percentage of excesscalcium excreted in urine?
A
44%
21
Q
Due to high calcium intake describe how rabbits urine may appear?
A
urine sedement - Cloudy
22
Q
What is the most imporntant component of Rabbits diet?
A
Fibre
23
Q
what is the percentage of the diet is fibre in rabbits
A
20-25% of diet
24
Q
T/F the amount of protein in diet stays the same at all stages of life of rabbits?
A
False - They need more protein when they are younger (19%) compared to adults who need less (12-16%)
25
Describe indigestable fiberes
- long fibes greater that 0.3mm
- composed of cellulose and ligin
26
What are the function of indigestible fibers
Promote good gut health and natural dental wear
27
Describe Digestible fibers
- short fibers less that 0.3mm
- composed of pectins. hemicellulose and cellulose
28
What are the functions of Digestible fibres?
Promote ceacal formation and provides nurtrients
29
T/F you can immediatly indroduce grass to a rabbit thats used to hay
False - Needs to be gradual
30
when should rabbits be given hay/grass
ALL day
31
How many times a day should we give rabbits concentrates
Twice daily
32
Hoy many times a day should we give rabbits leafy greens
Twice daily too with a variation of leafs
33
At how many weeks should you wean baby rabbits onto water and hay from milk
3 weeks (21days)
34
What could be a concern if you observe a horse lying down
colic
35
What is bilateral forelimb foot pain assocatited with?
Laminitis
36
What could heaving lines on horse indicate?
Equine asthma
37
What 4 things should you look at when looking at horse envirmoent?
- Bedding
- Food
- Feaces
- Signs of pain
38
What should normal horse feaces looking like
well formed with enough moisture
39
horse Feaces too dry indicates what
grass sickness/ impaction
40
name 5 signs of pain you might see in horses
lying down
cuts on face from thrashing
pawing
rolling flank watch
non-weightbearing
weight shifting
41
What is the ideal Temp range for Horse
37.5 to 38.5C
42
What is the ideal pulse rate for a horse?
28-40 beats per min
43
What is the ideal resp rate for a horse
8-16 breathes per min
44
When assesing mucouse coming from horses nose what should you ask youself
- Bilateral/ unilateral
- serous or thicker
45
If it is bilateral where is more likely to have come from
Trachea or lungs
46
If discharge is unilateral where is more likely to have come from
Nasal cavity
47
what is the target CRT in horses
2 seconds
48
why is it much easier to identify where and what kind of heart murmour tey may have?
Because their heart rate is a lot slower than other species
49
Where in horses do you need to asculated to hear heart
Very proximally under triceps
50
what points should you listen in horse
point of shoulder
point of elbow
11th rib
13th rib
18th rib
51
what are the four decribing words to decribe each quadarant in horse abdomen
abesent
reduced
normal
icreased
52
why might you chech hoof wall temp
laminitis or abcesses
53
hirsuitism
exessive hair growth
54
what might hirsuitism be associated with
cushings disease or PPID
55
what side of the horse should you start
left as thats what they are used too
56
when looking at cows name 5 things
- resp rate and effort
- grunting and coughing
- mobility score
- discharge from nostrils
- feaces
57
when looking at the enviroment cows are in what arre things too look at
- food
- water
- dung
- smell
- cleanliness
- other animals there
58
what end of the animal should you start with cows
tail to head
Rear end
Left side
Right side
Head and Neck
Rectal & vaginal exam
59
what can you do at the rear end when clinicalling examining cattle
Re-assess symmetry and soiling
Body condition score (BCS)
Temperature
Pulse
Vulva (membrane colour and CRT)
Udder
60
what can you do at the left side when clinicalling examining cattle
Lymph nodes
Prescapular and Prefemoral
Heart
3rd to 5th intercostal space
Withers pinch test
Left lung field
Digestive system
LDA ping
Limbs
61
what is the triangle in which you listen to lungs in cattle made up from?
triceps cranially, the attachment of the ribs to the vertebral column dorsally and a line between the point of the elbow and the 11th intercostal space.
62
why would you listen to trachea?
to rule out transfered sound from upper airways
63
If a cow scored 1 during a rumen exam what does this indicate?
cow hasnt eaten in 24hrs
64
If a cow scored 5 during a rumen exam what does this indicate?
There is rounded skin folds
65
when listening during a rumen exam what is normal to hear?
Three full cycles per two mins
66
when listening during a rumen exam what is abnormal to hear?
less than one cycle per min
67
In a normal rumen what is the middle layer like
doughy fiberous
68
What does LDA stand for?
Left displacement of the abomasum
69
T/F freshly calved, retained placenta, drop in milk yeild, ketosis, milk fever are all causes of LDA
True
70
what can you do at the right side when clinically examining cattle
- Lymph nodes - Pre-femoral and Pre-scapular
- Heart- 3rd to 5th Intercostal space
- Right lung field
- Digestive system
- Right sided pings
- Limbs
71
why is the right side o fthe heart typically less audible than left side
as most of heart lies to the left of the midline
72
Is skin tenting accurate for hydration levels in cows?
No
73
Do rabbits need outdoor space
yes
74
what is the required space a rabbit needs
150-220m^2
75
How can you tell if a hutch is big enough for rabbit?
The rabbit can lie down and stretch out comfotably in all directions
76
How would you be able to tell id the Hutch is tall enough for rabbit?
They can stand up on their back legs withour their ears touching the roof
77
How would you know if the hutch is long enough for your rabbit?
They can hop at least 3 times
78
T/F rabbits dont need a running area
False - should have free range of outdoors or indoors or both, alterniatily have a run so fencend in but lots of area
79
What makes rabbits feel more secure?
they are prey animals so a place to hide - even a cardboard box will do
80
where should you place litter trays?
in quiet areas
81
T/F food should be far away from litter
False - should have food near or in litter tray
82
Why would you not use wood shavings in litter and what would you use instead
They are dusty - newspaper or hay
83
what could 30 degree heat and more lead to in rabbits?
Hypomobility as of heat stress
84
what is optimum temp rage for rabbits
15-21 C
85
Name 5 things that enviro enrichment and excrecise creates
- reduced boredom
- reduces stress and sterotypical behavoirs
- maintains good body condition
- improves genral fitness
- promotes gut motility
86
What is a binky?
when rabbit runs jumps and twists in air and continues running
87
What is a binky a sign of?
Rabbit has plenty space and is happy
88
is it true that rabbits dont chew
no they very much do give them lots of toys and stuff to scratch on
89
name one other thing rabbits like to do
dig
90
when rabbits are young what can you expect they will do and what do you need to provide to accomadate them
explore more, curoius, small in size
so make thinsg open and wide so dont get stuck in smaller spaced
91
Younger rabbits ahve reduced undercoat coat - what may you need to consider?
Temperature - keep them warmer
92
why would you provide carpet flooring?
as the skid and dont like slippery floor
93
T/F rabbits are socail animals
True they like a companion even though they are very independent
94
what is the best combination for companionship in rabbits?
neautered male and neutered female
95
What two animals should rabbits not be kept with?
guinea pigs and ferrets
96
describe how to introduce rabbits to one another?
- two hatched near each other so can sniff
- then swap litter boxes into each others so can get used to smell of urine and feaces
- when move in together should be in a neiutral place with no other smells
97
How do you deal with bereavment with two rabbits
put dead rabbit in with other so they can say goodbye and understand whats going on (unless death by infectoius disease)
98
Can you pick up any rabbit without bonding?
You should not do this as it causes instant stress in the animal
99
what makes it easier to handle rabbits?
If they have handled from young
100
how would you train rabbit to be handled
reward when they come up to you
101
when they are used to approaching whats the next step
patting them gently on head until they are comfotable with your touch
102
how should you approach when going to pick up a rabbit?
At their level
103
give two ways to pick up rabbits
- One hand around the pectoral girdle and the other to support its hindquarters and full body weight
- Scoop the rabbit against your body and place the other hand on top of the back with the rabbit’s head under your arm
104
How shuld you put rabbit back and why
backwards due to if the try jump they are jumping onto you whihc is softer than into kennel or hitting somthing
105
whats is the life span of the chinchilla?
8-9 years
106
what is the life span of a guinea pig
5-6 years
107
what is the life span of degu
7 years
108
what is the dentition on chinchilla, guinea pig and degu
I 1/1
C 0/0
P 1/1
M 3/3
109
T/F chinchila and Degu have the same sexaulity maturity of 6
True
110
what does precocial mean
neonates are pretty much ready to go when they are born
111
How long is chinchilli gestation peroid?
111 days
112
whats the life span of rats
2-3years
113
what is the dentition of rats and hamstersI
I 1/1
C0/0
P 0/0
M 3/3
114
What type of oestus do rats and hansters have
Poly-oestrus
115
What does it mean by rats and hamsters ahving Altricial LItters?
They are helpless when they come out (cant fend for themselves)
116
How can you tell a rat or hamsters diet is optimal or they are suffereing from disease
The orange tinge of fron insisors will fade
117
what is the life span of ferrets
8-10years
118
what is ferret dentition
I 3/3
C 1/1
P 3/3
M1/2
119
T/F ferrets have decidoius teeth
TRUEEEEEE
120
T/F ferrets have precocial litters
False - altricial
121
Are guinea pigs socail animals?
Yes
122
What does Diurnal mean and what small mammal can be described by it?
More active during the day and Guinea Pig
123
Name the 4 types of common Guinea Pigs
- Rex
- American
- Abyssinian
- Peruvian
124
Describe correct conditions for guinea pig
- indoors
- large pens
- horizontal pens
- nest box
- newspaper
- hiding space with two exits as get scared
125
whats the risk of putting guinea pigs and rabbits together?
Bordatella - lethal to pigs
126
T/F guinea pigs are omnivores
False - herbivores
127
Why do giunea pigs not adapt easily to diet change
develp dietry prefernece in early life
128
T/F give guinea pigs ceareal mix
Flase - dontttt
129
T/F Vitamin C is not importnat part of guinea pigs diet
False - very much important
130
What do quinea pigs lack meaning they have to get their vitamin C from diet?
Lack of enzyme L-gulonolactone oxidase required to synthesize vitamin C
131
why cant giunea pigs have too much of greens?
can lead to fermentation in the intestine and cause pain and reduce gut motility
132
How do you house chinchillas
- in pairs - same sex
- horixontal and vertical space
- nest box
- newspaper and hay as substrate
- lots of ropes and things to keep them busy
133
In the chinchilla enviro how should the bottom of cage be?
wooden so feet dont get caught in caging
134
where should you keep dust bath for chinchillas?
out of cage or put it in for a certain time each day becuase theyw ill end up roling in feaces
135
what should be avoided when feeding chinchillas
sugar
136
what is common between degus
fighting
137
what does the diet of a degus considt of
Natural diet is grass, leaves, bark, herbs, seeds, fruits
138
are rats nocturnal?
yes - can be trained tho
139
whats should the cage be like for rats?
well ventalated to limit respiritory problems
140
why should you clean rat cages daily?
to stop build up of ammonia smell which isnt nice and can cause resp problems
141
whats the most common breed of hamster
sibarian
142
what do hamsters store in there cheek puches?
food or nest material
143
should hamsters be kept individually
yes
144
how are hamsters enviro similar to chinchillas?
should have solid floor and sides to protect feet
145
why should you not give hamsters cotton wool to use as nesting?
can get caught on leg and causing swelling leadi g to derm probs
146
what should you always remove when cleaning hamsters enviro
food in nesting area so no rotting
147
why is pelleted food quite good for hamsters
can monitor it well
148
how many hours do ferrets spend sleeping?
18hrs
149
why do ferrets tend to nip?
Poor eyesight so use taste sense to figure things out so not intentonal to hurt
150
whats the differences you see in male to female ferrets?
Male - bigger neck muscle and over all bigger, also larger anal-genital distance, os bone too
Female - smaller in stature, bigger abo-genital distance, swollen vulva when in season
151
what reduced the smell produced by ferrets skin cells?
neautering them
152
T/F ferrets are omnivores
False - the are strict carnivores
153
why should you not feed ferets plant based anything?
wont be digested properly and cause gastric issues
154
what kind of birds are kept in captivity?
- pet birds
- birds of prey
- domeestic sports, fancy
- fancy chickens
154
what is the life span of a Budgie?
5-10 years
155
what is the life span of a Cockato?
10-15 Years
156
what is the life span of an African Grey?
50 years
157
why do we condider 25years in african grey seniors?
due to managment and diet being suboptimal
158
How can you tell the difference between the sub species if african Greys?
Congo has black beak and Timneh have pinky beak
159
What difference can be seen in African Greys eyes?
When chicks they are dark and when the age they have an orangy tinge
160
Name 3 possible ways to identify sex in parrots?
- External aspect in dimorphic bird
- During endoscopy or laparoscopy (illegal if only for sexing)
- DNA using feathers (pulp) or blood
161
Why might you compare parrots to a toddler?
They have blast of activity then crash
162
T/F parrots have a heirarchy nature?
True - will exhibt this with owner if kept as pets
163
What does the wildflife and countryside act say about housing parrots
size of the cage: “able to extend its wings in all directions”
164
whats the advantages of indoor housing of parrots?
safer, more owner-pet interaction
165
whats the disadvantage of housing parrots indoors?
lack of natural light, household hazards
166
whats the advantages of outdoor housing of parrots?
stimulating environment
167
whats the disadvantage of housing parrots outdoors?
contact with wild birds and predators
168
If kept indoors what requirments need to be met?
- one main cage and a smaller one
- no toxicity material wireing - stainless steel is perfect
- horizontal bars are good for climbing
169
Should there be a room for parrots to sleep in?
Yes they sleep for 12hrs so needs to be dark
170
What should the rooms avoid?
Avoid draft and direct sunshine as can cause resp and derm problems
171
Perches are essential for parrots, what is the best material for you to use?
natural tree branches (fruit free)
172
with parrots what should you do with their toys when giving them to them?
roatate them - dont give them all at once
173
what is a big problem with parrots as pets
boredom
174
what could you add into budgey enviro to make it feel it had companion?
mirror
175
what is bird training good for?
parrot and owner relationship
176
Why should parrots be below shoulder?
otherwise your not in full control
177
What can wing clipping lead too?
Physiological problems, splintered feathers, imjuries of the keel and feather plucking
178
What type of birds have Graniovore diet and what does this consist of?
- Budgerigar, Cockatiel
- grain and seed
179
what type of birds have a Frugivore diet and what does this consist of?
- Amazon and some macaws
- eats more fruits than anything else
180
What kind of birds each a Florivore diet and what does this consist of?
-Blue and gold macaws
- berries and flowers
180
What type of birds are omniovers and what does this consist of?
African Greys and a little bit of everything
180
What could you use instead of normal pelleted completed formula?
pellets with diff colours and shaoes so parrots dont get bored
181
How do you know how much veggies and nuts to add into bird diet?
depends on what kind of diet they are on - if omnivores thwy will have a lottle less and if more plant based will ahve a little more
182
Why is a seed mix not good?
- too rich
- poor in vitanins and minerals
- its unbalanced
183
Can you transition birds from seed mix to pellet diet
Yes - but has to be very gradual
- reduce food availibility
- gradually decrease seed and increasee pellets
- put pellets in with fav fruits to encourage them
184
What can avocado cause to parrots?
Cardiac Failure
185
What can you do with food to replicate being in the wild for parrots?
HIde the food
186
Talk about the process of getting birds to understand you hiding their food?
- place half a sheet of paper over food bowl
- the omce uswd to that fully cover it
- once they understand this parcel it up nect to bowl
- once they are used to this you can hide parcel elsewhere in cage
187
What must you be cautious of when handling parrats/birds?
BEAKSSS
188
How do you handle them?
- Thumb under the lower mandible or thumb and index holding both mandibles
- Control rest of the body: especially the wings
189
If birds have localised bald patched from feather plucking what could this indicate?
- Pain, anxiety, boredom
190
what can feather plucking lead too?
derm issues then self mutuation
191
what is whole body baldness from feather pluching indicate?
systemic diseases
192
what does it mean if animal is ectothermic?
Means animal rely on external sources of heat to regulate body temp as they have limited metabolic heat production socant regulete themselves
193
what is an advantage of being ectothermic?
- less energy expenditure for maintaining body temperature
- Less food requirements
- Ability to better survive hibernation and cool temperatures at night
194
what is an disadvantages of being ectothermic?
- activity dependent on the ambient temperature
- Poor aerobic capacity
195
Where does the Heart sit in a lizard?
further forward almost between forelimbs
196
What is immediatly behind the heart in the lizard?
Liver, then stomach and intestines
197
How is the positioning of kidneys in reptiles diff from mammals?
sit much more caudal in the pelvic canal region rather than mid abdomen.
198
What is the body cavity called reptiles
Ceolomic cavity
199
How do lizards escape from predators?
Autotomy - which is where tail falls off
200
What is stored in Lizards tail?
Fat - so have to be caustious when they lose it as dont have lots of evergy to re grow
201
T/F snakes ahve 6 rows of teeth?
True - one on each loer jaw and two on each upper jaw
202
What does the extensible Glottis allow?
respiration during food ingestion
203
Where in snakes does the right lung extend too?
near point of heart to kidney
204
T/F snakes always have left lung
False - Snakes mainly only have right lung and either fully lack left or it is rudimental (inactive)
205
what is the function of the cranial portion of right lung?
vascularised - gas exchange
206
what is the function of the caudal portion of right lung?
functions mainly as an air sac & non-respiratory
207
What in the snake forms together making traid seperate from liver?
- gall bladder, pancreas and spleen
208
Where in male snaked are the two hemipenes located?
pouches in the ventral tail base
209
why are reptiles prone to getting resp infection?
not good at getting rid of debris
210
T/F breath holding can be up to 33hours
True
211
What will an increase in temp do to rate of resp?
It will increase hearte rate, metabolic rate, O2 demand and therefore resp rate
212
What is the top of Chelonian shell called?
Carapace
213
What is the bottom of Chelonian shell called?
Plastron
214
T/F in chelonian the dermal bone is connected to the spinal bone?
True
215
why if tortoise shell damaged would it bleed?
The scutes are epidermal and innervated
216
T/F chelonians have 4 teeth
False - they have none
217
How do chelonians breathe?
inhale and exhale through nares
218
What shape is the liver in chelonians?
large and saddled shaped, located either side of coelomic cavity below lungs.
219
In chelonians where does the lung fiel border expands too?
expand over most of the dorsal half of the coelomic cavity (top right).
220
What divides the multichambered lung field?
Trabeculae
221
what is on the resp surface in chelonians?
ediculi
222
What is the resp system of chelonians increases gas exchange?
smooth muscle whihc elevates the resp surface
223
How do the lungs contract and expnand in chelonains?
muscle movement
224
T/F reptiles heart has 4 chambers?
False - 3 (2 atria and 1 ventricle)
225
The ventricle in reptiles is divided up into how many sections and by what?
3 sections by muscular ridges
226
What are these 3 sections called?
Cavum arteriosum, venosum and pulmonale
227
What happens in the Cavum arteriosum section?
Receives oxygenated blood from left atrium
228
What happens in the Cavum venosum section?
Receive deoxygenated blood from right atria
229
What happens in the Cavum pulmonale section?
where blood passes to the pulmonary arteries then to lungs
230
In reptiles describe Blood flow during normal respiration in terms of deoxygentaed blood
- Deoxygenated blood from general circulation is pumped via the left & right precaval veins, left hepatic vein and post caval vein into the sinus
venosus
- then moves into the right atrium
- then into the cavum venosum to the cavum pulmonale.
- Ventricular systole initiates contraction of the cavum venosum pushing blood from venosum and pulmonale into the pulmonary circulation (via the pulmonary artery).
231
In reptiles describe Blood flow during normal respiration in terms of oxygentaed blood
- At the same time, oxygenated blood is delivered from the pulmonary circulation via the pulmonary veins into the left atrium.
- From the left atrium it moves into the cavum arteriosum.
- The AV valves then close over, and blood is directed into the cavum venosum and out via the left aorta (straight into general circulation) & right aorta (CNS first then into general circulation).
232
What is apnoea?
where the muscles and soft tissues in the throat relax and collapse sufficiently to cause a total blockage of the airway
233
What happens during apnoea or diving (fish)?
- When there is an elevation in parasympathetic tone, this causes constriction of pulmonary artery & heart rate is will reduce too.
- This raises pressure on pulmonary circuit which encourages a R to L shift and effectively is one of the ways that reptiles can remove the lungs from circulation.
234
Due to the constriction of the pulonary artery what increases during apneoa?
there is an increased pressure within the cavum pulmonale which then pushes blood across back into the cavum venosum which then leaves mainly via the left aorta into systemic circulation.
235
when in reptiles in the renal portal system activated?
during peroids of dehydration to preserve tubulae function
236
T/F reptiles have very large nucleated red blood cells
True
237
Why in reptiles should you avoid EDTA tubes for blood sampling
causes hemolysis in some species
238
When snake ingests prey what happens physiologically?
- metabolism increases up to 40 times
- heart, liver, pancreaes, digestive tract and kidney all increase in size
239
What is the rate of digestion in snakes related too?
Temperature - so if cold it will reduce and be slower process
240
What is the cloaca in reptiles?
common exit of the digestive, repro and urinary systems
241
what are the three chambers of the cloaca and what are there functions?
- Coprodeum: cranial chamber and collects faeces
- Urodeum: middle = drainage area for the ureters (or bladder if present) & reproductive tract
- Proctodeum: caudal chamber & common exit for excretion
242
describe kidneys in lizards?
slightly lobulated & slightly elongated
243
describe kidneys in snakes?
lobulated & elongated with coin stacked appearance
244
describe kidneys in chelonains?
wide, flat and lobulated
245
what do all snakes, chelonains and lizards kindeys lack?
loop of henle , pyramins and cortex
246
where do snakes, lizards and chelonains ureters empty into?
urodeum
247
What animlas have Paired extracloacal hemipenes
snakes and lizards
248
what animals have Single intracloacal phallus
chelonains
249
what are the three cycles in reptiles for females
- Quiescent
- Vitelligenic
- Gravidity/ Pregnancy
250
describe the oviarity gestation
where the eggs are laid quite early after fertilisation
251
describe the viviparity gestation
birthing of live young
252
what are the three membrane layers of reptilain shell called and what is their function
- amniotic membrane: surrounds embryo
- chorionic (kaw-ron-ick) membrane: covers inside of egg
- allantois (allan- toe- is) membrane: middle of other two. Used to storage urea/uric acid excreted by embryo.
253
what is the main form on nutrition for developing reptalian embryos
yolk sac
254
what is the function of jacobson organs?
detect odour particles and pheromones
255
what are the two main groups of fish?
- Cartilaginous, e.g. sharks and rays
- Bony (teleost) including ornamental fish, salmon etc (which we will focus on today)
256
what do fins help with?
locomotion and stability.
257
where do find fins on a fish?
pectoral, dorsal, pelvic, adipose, anal, and tail.
258
where is the heart located in fish
underneath gills at the back of the head
259
what is a pyloric ceacum?
blind ended sac that secreates digestive enzymes and absorbs nutrients
260
where are the kidneys found in fish
dorsally and run along the length of the body cavuty
261
T/F the spleen is the only lymph node in fish
true
262
describe the external surface of fish and its function
- lots of goblet cells that secrete protective mucous layer
- made up of a mixtire of glycoproteins and other bioactive substances
- its function is protection, disease and parasite resistance and energy conservation
263
what are scales?
flexivble calcified plates
264
what is the lateral line system in fish?
series of small pores that open into external surafce and run along the flank
265
what happens ait the site of the gills in fish
gas exchange
266
how are the gills composed?
Typically 4 gill arches
Primary lamella
Secondary lamella
Gill rakers
267
how does fish resp system work interms of inspiration?
Water enters mouth and is pumped over the lamella in the gills.
Gill slits closed.
Blood within capillary network in gills takes up dissolved oxygen.
Oxygen moves around the body via efferent arteries.
268
how does fish resp system work interms of expiration?
Mouth becomes closed by oral valves and water exits via gill-slits.
269
how does the gas exchange work in fish?
Counter-current mechanism to enhance diffusion of substances in and out of gills - blood and water flow in opposite diresctions
270
T/F fish have a 3 chambered heart?
False - 2
271
is there any other chmabers of fish hearts?
yes - two sub chambers
272
what happens with blood is fish cardiac system?
Deoxygenated blood enters the atrium through thin-walled sac = sinus venosus (contains pacemaker cells for initiating contractions).
Blood passes into ventricle and out thick-walled structure = bulbus arteriosus.
273
what happens at the bulbus arteriosus?
Can expand to act as reservoir for ventricular blood during diastole to smooth out pulse pressure before blood travels to gills
274
What does Squamata mean?
Scales all over
275
What does Testudines mean?
have shell
276
what are the main husbandry considerations?
Temperature
Light
Humidity
Type of enclosure
Furnishing
Diet
277
What does the preffered optimal temperature zone depend on?
Species, age and season
278
What does reduced temperature do in reptiles?
Slows everything down
279
What are problems related to this?
Immunosuppression leading to infection
Change in behavior and lethargy – not good for wellbeing
Increased in basking time
Stress
Reduced appetite/reduced drinking
Reduced metabolism leading to poor growth and poor wound healing/drug absorption
280
What animals are heat mats a good source of heat for?
ones effected by sunlight
281
What can heat rocks lead too?
Thermal burns
282
Where should heat come fromin diurnal species?
above
283
where should heat come from in nocturnal species?
below
284
what is the average temperature a reptile verarium be kept at?
28 degrees
285
Why is good ventialtion in reptile inclosures important?
- as heat might build up and be too much
- bacteria build up prevention
286
T/F reptiles need visible and UV light
True
287
What does the UV light mimic?
UV lamp in order to mimic the light wavelength of the sun
288
Why do reptiles need uv light
- some need it as it regulates their day
- UV light also helps absorb calcium so has bone development benefits
289
Describe how to place UV lamp in inclosure for most benificial impact?
- The UV light source should be within the enclosure as it is filtered by glass
- UV-b radiation diminishes with the distance from the source- it needs to be placed at a distance of 20-30 cm from the animal
- It should been placed near a heating source - warm skin activates the entire process of vitamin D3 production
- lamp should be chnaged reguarly
290
What type of reptiles need less UV
nocturnal
291
T/F calcium and vitamin D supplementation is needed in reptuiles?
TRueeeeeee
292
How do you add Calcium and D3 supplement?
sprinkle on food or gut load ordust insects
293
What can calcium deficeny lead to in reptiles?
metabilic bone disease
294
What might you see in cholneins with bone disease?
deformed soft shell with a beak deformity
295
T/F it isnt important to keep reptiles hydrated?
FALSE - so so imporntant
296
what are ways that you can keep reptiles hydrated
- water bowl big enough for them to go in?
- humidity chmaber
- misting system
- bathing
297
What reptile dosent recognize standing water and what do they use instead?
- Chameleons and they use moving water or dripping water from leaves so use misting system?
298
How do you sex tortoises?
Male: longer tail and cloaca positioned distally near the tip of the tail
Female : shorter tail and cloaca close to the body
Plastron concavity in male
Males have a penis situated in the ventral midline of the cloaca.
Females can have a cloacal organ too!
299
Hpow do you handle a tortoise?
with two hands like a panini
300
Describe how to house tortoises?
- open top
- astro turf or newspaper
- area with soil for digging
- hiding place
- shallow water tray
- infa red (left on day and night)
- heating source too
301
What is tortoises diet like?
They are herbivore. grasses, hay and vairity of weeds. cabbage, kale, spinich etc. well mixed so there is no selective feeding.
302
How does hibernation of tortoises chnage?
2-3 weeks for first year
2-3 months in winter
2-3 yr old can last up to 10months
303
what temp shuld tortoises hibernate at?
4 degrees
304
Name 3 main snakes youll deal with?
- boa constricter
- royal python
- corn snake
305
describe how to sex snakes
- males have longer and wider tails
- you can sex by probing which is where you insert a thin metal rod (called a snake probe) into the cloacal vent of the snake while it is awake - males have longer
306
How should you handle snakes?
- one hand to control head and the other hand to support the body ( dont let them dangle they dont really like it )
307
Describe how you should house snakes?
- Glass or wooden vivarium
- should be able to fully stretch out
- newspaper as bedding
- hiding box
- branches
- water bowls
- UV night
- head source but rember to cage lights as they will wrap themselves around it
308
Describe snakes diet?
- thawed rodents the size of the snakes head
309
T/F snakes also need calcium suppliment
False - no need
310
How would you sex lizards?
- Males have more promenent femoral pores than females
- males have two hemipenis sitauted in the tail base
- males have hemipenal bulges
-females have less bright colours
311
How should you handle lizards?
- control the head to stop biting
-control of limbs to prevent scratches
- wrap in towel
- cover head
312
In what lizzard should you control tail when handling
iguana
313
why do you have to be careful of when handling of geckos?
- they can loose tail and obvs is a fat source so if already unwell not fab
314
How should you house lizzards?
Provide as much space as possible
Generally kept in a vivarium (Except chameleons)
Newspaper as bedding, hiding space, branches
UV light
water bowl
moss
heat mat
315
What is it important to know when housing lizzards
Important to know if they are diurnal/nocturnal
Terrestrial or arboreal
316
what kind of space do chamelions needs?
vertical so the can climb and water drips down leaves
317
what kind of diet do igunanas have
strict herbivores
318
what is a bearded dragons diet look like?
ominorves/insectivores
319
what are chameleons and geckos diets like?
insectivores
320
what is ecdysis?
shedding of skin - commen in reptiles
321
what is ecdysis controled by and when is it more commen?
controlled by thyroid gland and more commen in juveniles
322
what is Dysecdysis?
not shedding properly - Skin shed in pieces, retention of spectacles in snake
323
what causes Dysecdysis?
Poor husbandry and diet
Poor humidity
Dehydration
Malnourishment
Not abrasive surface
