Module 9 Wk 2 Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
what kind of tube is the trachea?
A
It is a flexible non collapsible tube
2
Q
Where does the trachea extend from and too?
A
- from cricoid cartilage to the lungs
3
Q
where is the oesophagus in relation to the trachea?
A
Runs dorsally and then when get to thoracic inleft it runs to the left of trachea
4
Q
Where does the trachea split into the left and right principal bronchus?
A
Above the base of the heart at T5
5
Q
What is the wall of the trachea composed of?
A
- mucosa - resp epi and submucosal glands so musocus and cilia
- fibro-cartiligenous layer for support
- adventitia (neck) or serosa (thorax)
6
Q
What do the incomplete hyaline cartilages of the trachea contibute?
A
Support - keeping airways open during inspiration and expiration
7
Q
What is in the space of incompleteness of the rings?
A
trachealis muscle
8
Q
describe the blood supply of the trachea?
A
- neck supplied by branch os the common carotid artery and the thorax is supplied by the broncheoesophagus artery
- satellite viens drain
9
Q
describe the nerve supply to the trachea?
A
- vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerve travel wither side sending little branches of parasympathetic
- sympathetic trunk and middle cervical ganglion
10
Q
what are clinical consideration to do with trachea?
A
- tracheal collapse
- tracheal diameter smaller in brachi dogs
11
Q
what structures are associated with the cervical trachea?
A
- thyroid and parathyroid glands
- carotid sheath
- recurrent laryngeal nerve
12
Q
what shape is the thoracic cavity?
A
cone shapped with the apex facing cranially + laterally compressed
13
Q
what kind of pleura covers the thoracic cavity?
A
diaphragmatic
14
Q
what are the boundaries of the thoracic cavity?
A
- cranial - the thoracic inlet
- dorsal - thoracic vert, dorsal parts of ribs amd longus colli muscle
- lateral - the ribs, costal cartilages and the intercostal muscle
- ventral - sternum and transverse thoracis muscle
- caudal - diaphragm
15
Q
T/F the shape and size of the the thoracic cavity varies with breed
A
True
16
Q
Compare the cat thorax to the dog thorax?
A
Cats ahve more traingular and elongated thorax whereas dogs ahve more rounded and short thorax. Cats thorax is also narrower ventrodorsally and more crainally located than dogs.
17
Q
what is not found in the carotid sheath?
A
the recurrent laryngeal nerve
18
Q
what are the contents of the thoracic cavity
A
The lungs (within the pleural sacs)
The heart (within the pericardial sac held by media stinum)
Part of the trachea
The oesophagus
The thymus (juv.)
The great vessels & nerves
The thoracic duct and lymph nodes
19
Q
Where does the viceral pleural cover?
A
The lungs
20
Q
what does the partial pleura line?
A
The mediastinum, diaphragm and the thoracic wall
21
Q
What is the space between the viceral and partieal layers?
A
The pleural cavity containing pleural fluid
22
Q
(pleural membranes)
What does the mediastinum form and what does it contain?
A
- midline between plural sacs
- the heart, oesophagus, the trachea and the blood vessels
23
Q
where is the thymus found in the cranial mediastinum?
A
The ventral part
24
Q
Where is the heart in the middle mediastimum?
A
Within the pericardium
25
In the caudal mediastinum where is the plica venae cavae partial pleura of right sac reflected and what does it form?
- Over the caudal vena cava
- mediastinal recess
26
what is found in the mediastinal recess?
The accessory lobe of the right lung
27
What two organs and structures lie outwith the mediastinum?
- The lungs
- The caudal vena cave + right phrenic nerve
28
How is the pulmonary ligament formed and where does it attach too?
- Reflection of the visceral pleura at the medial surface of each lung as it continues onto the Mediastinum
- Forms the pulmonary ligament which attaches caudal lobe of each lung to the diaphragm
29
what is the mediastinal recess
recess formed between the plica vena cave and caudal mediastinal pleura; right accessory lobe of lung extends into this recess during inspiration
30
what is the pleural cupula(e)?
reflection of the costral pleura and the mediatinal pleura projecting beyond the first rib
31
What moves into the pleural cupula?
lungs during inspiration
32
Where do the costral and mediastinal pleura meet ventrally?
costromediastinal recess
33
what part of the lungs moves in to the costomediastinal recess?
The ventral border of the lung
34
What is the costrodiaphragmatic recess?
Reflection of Costal pleura onto diaphragmatic pleura (blue shaded area)
35
what part of the lung moves in and out of the costodiaphragmatic recess?
The basal border of lung
36
What is the costrodiaphragmatic line of the pleural reflection?
peripheral limit of the costodiaphragmatic recess - marks the greatest ecpansion of the normal lung
37
Where does the costrodiaphragmatic line of pleural reflection run?
From approx rib 8 to the last rib (so r13 in dog and r18 in horse)
38
in the bovine what is a surgical implication assocaited with the costrodiaphrahmatic line?
enterance to pleural cavity must be made craniodorsal to the line
39
What is the minimum area for auscultation and percussion of the lungs?
Area of contact between the lungs and the thoracic wall at the end of expiration
40
In diseased state the minimum area decreases if?
The lung partially collapsed
41
In diseased state the minimum area increases if?
If lung becomes enlarged
42
(Start of calf pneumonia)
What is pneumonia?
An acute or chronic disease marked by inflammation of the lungs and caused by viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms and sometimes by physical and chemical irritants
43
When do you tend to get more outbreaks of BRD?
The colder months as inside and congragrate together so pass on
44
what are the 4 infectious predisposing factors of bovine respiritory disease?
- viruses
- mycoplasma
- bacteria
- lungworm
45
What might an animal with BVD be predisposed to and why?
Predisposed to secondary bacteria infections due to how immunosuppressive BVD is
46
Describe the recovery from an acute disease of resp infection?
- antibody production leading to a loss of production in animals or carrier animals
47
T/F BRD is oftern multifactorial?
True
48
describe how BRD may start as a viral infection?
- Viruses damage cells lining the respoiratory tract
- damaged cells normally involved in bacterial removal from lung
- bacteria invade - tracheitis, bronchitis, pneumonia
49
What does IBR stand for?
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis - bovine herpes virus 1
50
what does RSV stand for and what is it a primary cause of?
- Respiratory syncytiial virus
- Primary cause of serious calf pneumonia
51
What group of cattle require a vaccine against RSV?
Autumn housed cattle
52
Clinically describe what you see with respiratory syncytical virus (RSV)
- creates substances whihc damage lung remote from areas of viral multiplication
- clear watery discharge
- coughing - in bouts
- fast laboured breathing
- may die
53
What does PI3 stand for and what is it a primary cause of?
- Parinfluenza type 3
- primary cause of calf pnumonia but usually less severe than RSVH
54
How might PI3 be spread?
Infected animal into a closed herd
55
where does PI3 damage occur?
Damage occurs primarily in the lower resp tract with widespreas destruction of cilia and of cilaited cells in smal bronchi and bronchioli
56
What does PI3 cause?
Bronchitis, chronchiolitis and alveolitis
57
Describe what can be seen with IBR virus
- reduced appetite, watery eye, nose, coughing
- fever
- purelent discharge
- coughing - may have thick blood stained material coughed up
58
when do carriers of IBR shed virus?
At times of stress (moving, housing, calving)
59
What may diagnosis of viral infection may involve?
taking ocular and nasal swabs, collection of lung fluid (broncho-alveolar lavage)
For future control measures, collection of blood samples two weeks apart
PM is only useful in cases of sudden death
60
what are the three bacterial species involved in bovine resp disease
Mannheimia haemolytica
Pasteurella multocida
Histophilus somni
61
T/F Mannheimia, Pasteurella and Histophilus are gram negative?
True - red on gram stain
62
What does the LPS of the H.somni not have in the pasteurellaceae?
They do not have O side chains
63
What are LPS toxic effects?
- Initiation of complement and coagulation cascades
- These result in increased vascular permeability and coagulation
- accumulation of inflammatory cells, oedema and fibrin deposition in the lung.
64
What are the general characteristics of H.somni?
- small to med size
- gram negative coccobacilli
- non-motile and capable of fermenting sugars
- will not grow on some lab media
- found in the mucousal surfaces of cattle and are extermly host-specific
65
what is a virulence factor of H.somni?
- Capsule - forms a protective coat around the bacterium and allows it to evade host defences
-endotoxins
- proteases that destroy muscosal IgA
- can chnage it so tehre is no phagocytosis so can persist without host defence effecting
66
Describe the diagnosis of H.somni
- Try and grow organism from infected sites
- can isolate them on blood but have to do staph streak – staph produces NAD to allow organism to grow
67
H.somni dosent just cause pneumonia what else does it cause?
- thromboembolic meningoencephalitis
- reproductive failure due to endometritis, metritis or late abortion
68
When does pasteurella become a problem?
when they get into lungs
69
What are the general characteristics of pasteurella and mannheimia?
- gram negative
- short to medium coccobacilli
- bipolar staining
- ferment glucose with no gas produced
- pasteurella species are normally related to mucosal membranes of the resp tract in mammals
70
what is the most commen serotype of pasteurella multocida seen in BRD?
capsular serogroup A 3 is the most commen
71
What does type D capsular serogroup produce and what does it cause?
- dermonecrotoxin
- causes septicaemua, pneumonia and rhinitis
72
how many serotypes of mannheimia heamolytica are recognised?
13
73
hwo does disease by mannheimia heamolytica usually occur?
following stress such as trasport
74
what are pasteureallas virulence factors?
- capsules
- lipopolysaccharides - protect organism from host defecence through carb breakdown or induce inflammation through the liopid A component
- exotoxins such as dermonecrotoxin and labile leukotoxin produced by M.heamolytica whihc killa all inflam cells
75
what does Dermonecrotoxin do in pigs?
Nasal inflammation and shortening of maxillary bone
76
What is the gold standard of diagnosing pasteurella?
Isolation
- P.multocida isolates grow best on blood agar and have a characteristic odor
77
describe the pathogenesis of bovine pneumonia?
- commensal collanisation in upper resp tract
- predispose factors of lower tract problems
- decreased mucociliary clearence
- impaired alvelor macrophage function
- prolification and inhalation of nasaopharyngeal m. heamolytica A1 colnisation of the lung
- realease of leukotoxin, endotoxin and ofther virulence factors
- mast cell degranulation
78
Describe how to control BRD?
- meanagment via grazing systems, reducding stock density, segregarion of ages, minimise stress and eviro they in
- vaccination
- antimicrobial metaphylaxis
79
what 2 things should you do to the enviro when managing BRD?
- reduce moisture
- improve ventilation
80
What antibiotics are effective against bacterial pneumonia?
Penicillians, tertracyclines, fluroquinolones, sulphonamides and macrolides
81
why might live vaccnes be a problem?
They can cause mild vesions of disease so may spread and cent be used in pregnancy
82
What afre the advantages in killed vaccines?
They will not cause disease and can often be used in pregnencay unlike live ones
83
what is a disadvantage of killed vaccines?
May not get as good immunity
84
What are the advantages of giving a live nasal vaccine?
- get rapid immunity
- good for outbreaks
- can often be used in the young
85
Where do the primary L and R Bronchus meet?
The root or hilus of the lung
86
What is the tracheal bronchus and what species is it present in?
- Is present in ruminants and pigs
- It is a cranial bifurcation on the right cranial lobe of lung
87
Within the lung how does each bronchus subdivide?
lobular - segmental - med- sm bronchi
88
T/F cartilage support decreases as you get more divisions of bronchus?
True as it becomes plaques of cartilages
89
What happens with blood supply and venous drainages in the lungs?
It subdivides and follows the same pathway as tracha goes
90
Where is there no catidge of the trachea pathway?
The terminal bronchioles
91
What is a bronchgram and what can it help identify?
A bronchogram uses a special substance called contrast to make the bronchi (the airways in the lungs) visible on an x-ray or other imaging device. A bronchogram can help diagnose and monitor various lung conditions, such as infections, tumors, or narrowing of the airways.
92
What are the stuctures entering/leaving the root of the lung?
- the trachea - R and L primary bronchus providing air to lungs
- pulmonary trunk (LandR pulmonary arteries) supplying deoxygenated blood to lungs
- Pulmonary veins taking oxygenated blood from lungs to heart
93
Where do the bronchial arteries arise from?
Directly from the aorta and supply the lung tissue with ocygenated blood
94
Describe the smooth muscle in the segmental bronchi
- it forms continuous spirals between cartilage and mucosa
- It controls airways via constriction
95
What does BALT stand for?
Bronchial Assocaited Lumphoid Tissue found in the lamina propria
96
Describe histologically what you see of a segmental bronchus
- clia, goblet cells and complicated epithelium
- gasous exchange tissue - lacy stuff
97
Describe how to differentaite between bronchus and bronchiole?
- a bronchus has cartilage plates over the smooth muscle unlike bronchiole having only smooth muscle
- there is also BALT present in bronchus
98
what kind of cells disapear and what ones become more dominant when transitioning from brinchus to bronchioles?
- goblet cells disappear
- club cells become more dominant
99
What is the change of epithelium from bronchus to bronchioles?
To simple cilaited columnar to cuboidal epithelium in teminal bronchioles
100
Describe club cells
- They are non-ciliated cells
- They project into lumen from normal cuboidal epi
101
What are the functions of the club cells?
- Defence
- detoxyfying
- stem cells - for regen of cilaited bronchial cells
102
describe respiritory bronchioles?
passagways with some aveoli in walls
103
Desribe aleveolar ducts
passageways with many alveoli in walls
104
describe alveolar sacs
a cul-de-sac with many alveoli
105
describe the structure from resp bronchioles to the alveolar sac
resp bronchiole - alveolar duct - atrium - alveolus - alveolar sacs
106
What are the two main cell types in the alveoli?
- type 1 pneumocyte - 97 percent
- type 2 pneumocyte - 3 percent
107
describe type 1 pneumocyte
squamous alveolar
108
what is each alveolus lined with?
simple epithelium
109
what runs within interstitum between alveoli?
capillaries
110
what do the blood cells do in supporting epithelium of alveolis?
carry o2 and realeas it through wall of capillary and avleoli and exchage over thin stuctures (cells)
111
what three things make up the blood gas barrier?
- type 1 pneumocyte
- fused basal membrane of alveolar and endothelial cells
- endothelial cell
112
what are the alveolar macrophages carried along with to pharynx?
surfactant and awallowed
113
What does the shape of the lung depend on?
stage of respiration
114
What should the colour of lungs look like?
pink when healthy
115
