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BIO 101 Lec LE 2 and LE 3 > Module 12 - Secondary Growth > Flashcards

Module 12 - Secondary Growth Flashcards

1
Q

Wood is composed of?

A

Secondary Xylem

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2
Q

3 planes of view of wood

A

Tangential, radial, and transverse

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3
Q

Vessel members that transport materials longitudinally

A

Axial system

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4
Q

Transports materials radially

A

Ray system

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5
Q

Types of rays

A

Multiseriate - marami cells

Uniseriate - isang line ng rays lang

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6
Q

Structure of bark that permits the passage of gas inward and outward of the plant

Consists of loosely packaged parenchyma cells

Living, require oxygen

A

Lenticels

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7
Q

Parts of the periderm

A

Cork (Phellem)
Cork Cambium (Phellogen)
Phelloderm

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8
Q
  • increase in length of the shoot and the root
  • the result of cell division in the apical meristems and elongation of cells
A

1°ry Growth

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9
Q
  • characterized by an increase in thickness or girth - caused by cell division in the lateral meristems
A

2°ry Growth

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10
Q

mostly undergo 1°ry growth, with little 2°ry growth

A

Herbaceous plants

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11
Q
  • 2°ry growth produces wood (dicots & gymnosperms, rarely in monocots)
  • No 2°ry growth in Lycophyta and Pterophyta
A

Woody plants

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12
Q
  • Found exclusively in roots and stems.
  • Responsible for secondary growth, leading to an increase in the girth of the organ.
  • Classified as secondary meristems, as they develop entirely or partly from differentiated tissues.
A

Lateral Meristem

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13
Q

gives rise to secondary xylem and phloem

A

Vascular Cambium

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14
Q

Gives rise to cork and phelloderm

A

Cork Cambium

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15
Q

Conditions for the origin of vascular cambium

A
  • If all procambial cells differentiate into primary vascular tissues, no vascular cambium is formed.
  • If some procambium remains in a meristematic state after primary growth, it becomes the vascular cambium.
  • Vascular cambium may also originate from differentiated tissues, such as pericycle and interfascicular parenchyma, not just residual procambium.
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16
Q

portion of the vascular cambium that develops within the vascular bundles; it originates from residual procambium

A

Fascicular Cambium

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17
Q

portion of the vascular cambium that develops between the vascular bundles; it originates from interfascicular parenchyma

A

Interfascicular Cambium

18
Q
  • Cells divide anticlinally to produce more cambial cells.
  • Cells divide periclinally; the inner cell differentiates into secondary xylem, while the outer cell differentiates into secondary phloem.
A

Vascular Cambium Cells

19
Q

Gives rise to 2°ry Xylem inward & 2°ry Phloem outward

A

Vascular Cambium

20
Q

2 Cell Types in the Vascular Cambium

A
  1. Fusiform initials - tall, axially oriented cells; give rise to the axial xylem and phloem
  2. Ray initials – smaller, round to angular in shape; give rise to xylem and phloem rays
  • Both are densely cytoplasmic with thin bodies
21
Q

It serves as a protective tissue, replacing the epidermis.

In herbaceous dicots, it is typically limited to the oldest parts of the root or stem.

Monocots usually lack a well-developed protective tissue, often having storied cork or none at all.

It is a component of the bark, constituting all tissues outside the vascular cambium.

A

Periderm

22
Q

cork cambium, a lateral meristem, unlike vascular cambium has only 1 type of initial cells.

In stems, it can arise from epidermis, cortex or phloem and in roots, from the pericycle

Produces the periderm

Outer product is the cork/phellem, inner product is the phelloderm

A

Phellogen

23
Q

Arranged in compact rows without intercellular spaces.

Primary wall composed of cellulose, sometimes with lignin or suberin.

The suberin layer is impermeable to gases and water, resistant to the action of acids.

Ultimately, these cells become dead.

A

Phellem

24
Q

Living cells with non-suberized walls.

Some parenchyma cells may store starch.

In certain cases, parenchyma cells contain chloroplasts and are photosynthetic.

Sclereids may be present in some parenchyma tissues.

A

Phelloderm

25
Q

Is wood that, due to a natural chemical transformation, becomes more resistant to decay through a genetically programmed process.

Once the formation is complete, they are typically dead, providing structural support to the tree.

A

Heartwood

26
Q

Other term for Heartwood

A

Duramen

27
Q

Is the younger, outermost wood in a tree.

It consists of living cells, including xylem tracheids and vessels, which are responsible for the conduction of water and nutrients.

A

Sapwood

28
Q

Other term for sapwood

A

Alburnum

29
Q

T/F Heartwood results from the plant’s response to decay, where xylem vessels are blocked with gums, resins, and waxes, by-products of photosynthesis.

A

True

30
Q

T/F Xylem elements in heartwood contain tyloses.

A

True

31
Q

T/F High levels of volatile organic compounds, specifically terpenes, are present in heartwood, acting as a defense against tree pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and insect larvae.

A

True

32
Q

T/F Heartwood, or injured portions of the plant, is protected from decay as long as terpene levels remain sufficiently high to deter or control pathogens.

A

True

33
Q

If parenchyma cells in the secondary phloem divide and expand, it is called

A

Expansion Tissue

34
Q

Consist of successive increments of xylem produced by the cambium.

Comprises early wood (formed in the early part of the growing season) and late wood (formed later in the season).

The transition between the late wood of one season and the early wood of the following season is typically marked by a sharp division line.

A

Annual Rings

35
Q

What sectioning is it if all you see are similar looking squares filled with circles?

A

Cross/transverse

36
Q

If it looks like striated muscles, what kind of wood section is it?

A

Radial

37
Q

Stem wood section that looks like striated muscles with pouches of bubbles in it

A

Tangential

38
Q

occurs when cells in the residual procambium and parts of the pericyle begin to undergo periclinal divisions

A

Initiation of 2°ry growth

39
Q

T/F In secondary growth of roots, only the pericyle cells opposite the xylem poles start to divide periclinally

A

True

40
Q

In secondary growth of roots, the inner layer of cells becomes the _____. The outer layer is retained as _______.

A

Vascular Cambium; Pericycle

41
Q

Last slide na, aral na lang the pics or slides :>

A

Ayoko naaaaaaaaa

BIO 101 Lec LE 2 and LE 3 (7 decks)

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