Module 9 - Stem

Question 1

Axial Organ of the Shoot:

Radial structure and exhibits indeterminate growth.

Has nodes, long or short internodes.
Short internodes appear to be “stemless” or rosette-like.

Functions for support, conduction, photosynthesis, reproduction, and storage.

Answer 1

Stem

Question 2

Most mature or oldest phytomere is the one
________ ____ the apex

Answer 2

Farthest from

Question 3

T/F SAM is formed during embryogenesis but it only becomes active after germination

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The basal part of the ovule in plants, where the nucellus and integuments join. Nutrients from plants are transported to nucellus through this.

Answer 4

Chalaza

Question 5

small opening in the integuments of a plant ovule through which the male gametes pass

Answer 5

Micropyle

Question 6

Monocot Embryogenesis Stages

Answer 6

1. Proembryo
2. Globular
3. Scutellar
4. Coleoptilar

Question 7

Dicot Embryogenesis Stages

Answer 7

1. Proembryo
2. Globular
3. Cotyledon
   a. Heart-shaped
   b. Torpedo
4. Mature

Question 8

Stage in MONOCOT Embryogenesis

Following fertilization, the first cell division is asymmetrical and leads to an apical and basal cell

The apical cell divides more rapidly than the basal cell and will eventually be the embryo.

Answer 8

Proembryo stage

Question 9

Stage in MONOCOT Embryogenesis that gives rise to embryonic axis

Answer 9

Globular stage

Question 10

Stage in MONOCOT Embryogenesis where remnant of the cotyledon can be seen

Answer 10

Scutellar stage

Question 11

Stage in MONOCOT Embryogenesis where the embryo axis differentiates into the plumule (shoot) and radicle

Answer 11

Coleoptilar stage

Question 12

Basic STELE Types and description

Answer 12

1. Protostele - Solid xylem center surrounded by phloem in psilotum, lycopodium, and most primitive ferns
2. Siphonostele - Center is pith surrounded by xylem and phloem in more advanced ferns, angiosperms, and gymnosperms

Question 13

Variations/Types of Protostele

Answer 13

1. Haplostele - the xylem core is a solid cylinder surrounded by phloem
2. Actinostele - the xylem has radiating arms or
   protuberances
3. Plectostele - the xylem core is cylindrical but has masses of phloem (mukhang harbor cove logo)

Question 14

__________ forms from faster enlargement of cells of the inner cortex than those of adjoining vascular tissue.

Answer 14

Lacuna

Question 15

Endodermal cells elongate to form _______ connecting the vascular bundle to the cortex

Answer 15

Trabeculae

Question 16

May consist of a continuous cylinder of vascular tissue or a network of bundles, with the latter being the most derived or advanced arrangement.

Answer 16

Siphonostele (Key word: Siphon, may butas)

Question 17

2 Types of siphonostele based on the position of Phloem (P)

Answer 17

Amphiphloic siphonostele - Phloem sandwiches Xylem

Ectophloic siphonostele - Phloem surrounds sylem externally

Question 18

Amphiploic siphonostele is called ______. What are its types

Answer 18

Solenostele

Solenostele - C shaped
Dictyostele - Steele appears as series of bundles

Question 19

Two types of ectophloic siphonostele and their descriptions

Answer 19

Eustele - Separate bundles

Atactostele - Scattered bundles (monocot special)

Question 20

Differentiate Eustele, Dictyostele, and Atactostele

Answer 20

Eustele (Ectophloic siphono na hiniwa hiwa)

Dictyostele (Amphiploic siphonostele na nagsara mag isa, mukhang amoeba yung vascular bundle)

Atacto (kalat)

Question 21

Vascular Bundle Types

Answer 21

1. Collateral bundle
   * P is only external to X
   * open/closed
2. Bicollateral bundle
   * internal P is present
   * some dicots
3. Amphivasal bundle
   * X surrounds P
   * Some monocots
4. Amphicribral bundle
   * P surrounds X
   * Some ferns

Question 22

Differentiate open and closed collateral bundle

Answer 22

Open, has vasc cambium

Closed, no vasc cambium