module 3

Question 1

attribution theory

Answer 1

• group of theories that describe how people explain the cause of theory

Question 2

two types of attributions

Answer 2

• personal (dispositional, internal)
• situational (external, not the person’s fault)

Question 3

Jones and davis attribution theory

Answer 3

• correspondent inference theory
• stet of factors that ppl use to see if a behaviour is internally or externally motivated
• whether behaviour: was freely chosen, was expected/common, or has desirable outcomes for the actor

Question 4

kellys attribution theory

Answer 4

• kelly’s covariation model
• cause must be present when an event occurs and absent when it does not occur

Question 5

what are the three types of info used in kelly’s covariation model

Answer 5

• consensus
• consistency
• distinctiveness

Question 6

when are you more likely to engage in using effort to make an attribution

Answer 6

• if events are: unexpected, unpleasant, novel, or self-relevant

Question 7

fundamental attribution error

Answer 7

• when making attributions abt other ppl’s behaviours, we overestimate dispositional causes and underestimate situational causes
• you are more likely to think behaviour is caused by internal factors not situational
• beahviour=product of the person

Question 8

two stage model of attribution

Answer 8

• proposed by gilbert et al
• Step 1: we make internal attributions (often stops here)
• Step 2: if we have motivation/cog resources, we can consider situational info and revise attributions accordingly

Question 9

errors in judgement examples

Answer 9

• actor-observer effect (we are more likely to attribute other’s behaviours to internal causes and our behaviours to situational attributions)
• victim blaming, prejudice beliefs abt groups
• relationship-enhancing vs distress maintaining attributions in romantic relationships

Question 10

relationship enhancing attributions

Answer 10

• if the partner does smth positive=internal attributions
• partner does smth negative=external attribution
• opposite is true for relationship distressing attributions

Question 11

Carol Dwek attribution theory

Answer 11

• what type of attributions made about oneself
• two types: ability (good at smth) vs effort (worked hard to get there) attributions

Question 12

what do ability vs effort attributions tell you about a person

Answer 12

• if ppl think abilities are fixed or incremental

Question 13

the two types of abilities

Answer 13

• fixed: you are either good at smth or youre not
• incremental: you improve through effort and learning

Question 14

What did Dwek find about praise for ability vs effort

Answer 14

• kids praised for effort showed more persistence, enjoyment and better performance than those praised for ability

Question 15

what should you praise children for: ability or effort?

Answer 15

research says effort even though most parents praise their children for ability

Question 16

heuristsics

Answer 16

• mental short-cuts
• enable quick and efficient judgements
• helps with the overwhelming cog stimuli

Question 17

representative heuristsic

Answer 17

• tendency to classify smth based on its similarity to a norm
• ie carrot cake has veggies so its healthier
• can be applied to stereotypes

Question 18

is something comes to mind quickly, we figure it must be true is an example of __________ heuristic

Answer 18

Availability heuristic

Question 19

Availability heuristic

Answer 19

• things that come to mind first are thought to be right
• hard to tell why, could be bc of ease of retrieval or the amount of information retrieved

Question 20

What did schwarz study about the availability heuristic and what did he find?

Answer 20

• if its caused by ease of retrieval or the amount of information retrieved
• he found that it was ease of retrieval is the cause

Question 21

what is the availability heuristic related to

Answer 21

• common biases
• based on assessment of risk (ie car crash and cancer over diabetes)
• contribution of joint biases

Question 22

Base rate neglect

Answer 22

• error when ppl ignore the numerical frequency (base rate) of various events when estimating likelihood

Question 23

what is anchoring and adjustment

Answer 23

• mental shortcut where you rely on an initial starting point to make an estimate but fail to adequately adjust from that point
• can affect what people are willing to pay for an item (sale items are more enticing)

Question 24

What kind of info is weighed more heavily? Negative or positive?

Answer 24

• Negative
• applies to meeting people, bad impressions are harder to undo

Question 25

order effects

Answer 25

• the order in which things are presented matters
• info you learn early is more weighted than later learned info

Question 26

what are schemas

Answer 26

• mental structures ppl use to organize their knowledge
• reduce ammount of info we process (starting point)
• reduce ambiguity
• guide attention, how we notice, and remember

Question 27

change blindness

Answer 27

• we often miss large changes in plain sight

Question 28

priming

Answer 28

• recent experiences increase accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept
• can affect cognition and how you interpret info

Question 29

what is a study that shows how priming can affect cognition

Answer 29

Higgins’ study using the paragraph of Donald

Question 30

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 30

• one’s expectations guide behaviour to a target
• one’s expectations lead them to engage in ways that confirm those expectations