Module 3 Flashcards
(37 cards)
1
Q
Diploid Cell
A
A cell that contains two complete sets of chromosomes > one from each parent.
- Human diploid cells contain 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
2
Q
Growth
A
- increase in number of existing cells
- increase in non-cellular material surrounding cells.
- mitosis
3
Q
Development
A
fertilised egg undergoes processes of:
- cell division,
-growth,
-repair,
-differentiation
to become fully developed organism.
4
Q
Differentiation
A
- process by which unspecialised cells become specialised in structure and function to perform special tasks in the body.
- how unique cells, tissues, organs are made.
5
Q
Repair
A
- restorative processes
- repair is important for survival
- medical term > ‘plasty’
- damage to structures; (needs to be repaired)
- small: DNA
- large: tissue, organs
- relies on biochemical processes, inflammation and cellular proliferation
6
Q
Inflammation
A
- Bodily immune response to injury, infection, irritation.
- redness, heat, swelling, pain.
-protective mechanism aimed at removing harmful stimuli, starting healing process.
7
Q
Steps of Repair
A
tissue injury
- inflammation
- cellular proliferation
- cells remodelled into repaired structures
8
Q
Regeneration
A
- Periodic replacement of cells and tissues
- relies on biochemical processes, inflammation and cellular proliferation
9
Q
Damage can occur from
A
- environmental exposure (UV-radiation)
- physical force (fall, broken bone)
- disease (cancer)
10
Q
Reproduction
A
- Formation of new organisms from parent organisms.
- Humans > carried out by male and female reproductive systems.
- Sexual reproduction > organism combines genetic information from both parents.
11
Q
Flexion
A
- bending movement which brings two body parts closer together
- e.g., bicep curl
12
Q
Extension
A
- straightening joint to increase distance between two body parts
- e.g., tricep extension
13
Q
Abduction
A
- movement of body part AWAY from midline of body.
- e.g., lateral raise (going up)
14
Q
Adduction
A
- movement of body part TOWARDS the midline of body.
- e.g., lateral raise (coming down)
15
Q
Rotation
A
- twisting movement
- e.g., turning head
16
Q
Protraction
A
- movement of body part FORWARDS, AWAY from spine
- e.g., pushing jaw out
17
Q
Retraction
A
- movement of body part BACKWARDS, TOWARDS spine.
- e.g., retracting jaw.
18
Q
Depression
A
- DOWNWARD movement of body part
- e.g, lowering shoulders from shrug.
19
Q
Elevation
A
-UPWARDS movement of body part
- e.g., raising shoulders to shrug.
20
Q
Catabolism
A
- Breaking down of larger, more complex substances into simpler, smaller molecules.
- Releases energy.
- Complex molecules from broken down foods assemble structures, substances needed for life.
21
Q
Anabolism
A
- process where smaller, simpler molecules are combined into larger more complex substances.
- utilises energy, small molecules to assemble complex chemicals.
- requires energy.
22
Q
Metabolism
A
The sum of all chemical reactions carried out by an organism (anabolism + catabolism).
23
Q
ATP
A
- Adenosine Triphosphate.
- Biochemical compound used in metabolism to store and release energy.
- Anabolism: ATP stored in synthesis.
- Catabolism: ATP broken down + released.
- Used by cells to perform functions.
24
Q
Pathophysiology
A
- study of disordered physiological processes associated with disease or injury.
- functional changes which occur in organism due to pathological condition.
25
Pathology
Study of diseases, including causes, mechanisms, effects, diagnosis.
- Examines tissues, organs, bodily fluids, autopsies to understand, diagnose disease.
26
4 aspects of pathophysiology
- Cause
- Mechanisms
- Structural Alterations
- Clinical Consequences
27
Pathogenesis
Process by which disease or disorder develops.
- onset, progression, maintenance.
28
Cause (pathology)
- genetic
- infectious
- nutritional
- chemical
- physical
29
Mechanisms (pathology)
- pathogenesis
- sequence of events that occur which lead to disease.
30
Structural Alterations
- structural changes induced in cells, organs
- how tissues, cells change
- 'morphological changes'
31
Functional Consequences
- called 'clinical significance':
- signs
- symptoms
- prognosis
32
Medical Sign
Something that indicates disease which can be measured by healthcare professional.
- e.g., temperature.
33
Medical Symptom
Something which indicated disease which cannot be measured by healthcare professional.
- e.g., headache.
34
Cell Proliferation
Process by which cells grow and divide to produce more cells.
- Encompasses cell division but involves entire cycle of cell growth.
- Fundamental for growth, development, repair.
35
Cell Division
- Process by which parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
- Refers to single cell.
- Cell division includes BOTH mitosis and meiosis.
36
Mitosis
- type of cell division
- somatic cell divides into two genetically identical 'daughter cells'
- consists of 5 stages
37
5 Phases of Mitosis
1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase
5. Cytokinesis
