Module 4 Flashcards
(39 cards)
1
Q
Requirements for Life
A
- Oxygen
- Nutrients
2
Q
Role of Oxygen
A
- key component of chemical reactions which keep body alive, produce energy, form key biological structures
- brain cells very sensitive to lack of oxygen
- obtained from air and nutrients in food
3
Q
Key 3 Nutrients in Biochemistry
A
- Water
- Macronutrients
- Micronutrients
4
Q
Role of Water
A
- largest component of cells, blood, fluid between cells.
- 70% of adult body mass
- Functional chemicals dissolved, transported in water.
- Helps regulate internal temp
- Cushions, protects, lubricates joints and body structures.
5
Q
Macronutrients
A
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
6
Q
Micronutrients
A
vitamins and minerals
- vitamins A, C, D
- iron, calcium, zinc
7
Q
Role of Macronutrients
A
- required in large amounts
- needed for energy, growth, bodily functions
- carbs: energy
-lipids: energy, create biological structures - proteins: supply amino acids
8
Q
Role of Micronutrients
A
- needed in small amounts
- various bodily functions
- support immune function, energy production, bone health, prevent chronic disease.
9
Q
How do we receive macronutrients?
A
- Food contains macronutrients.
- Digestive system breaks down food.
- Molecules absorbed + further broken down.
- Energy is released (catabolism).
- Energy used to create new structures.
10
Q
Enzymes
A
protein which acts as catalyst to speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in process
- essential for digestion, metabolism, etc.
11
Q
Amino Acids
A
- building blocks of proteins
- play crucial role in various biological processes
12
Q
Electrolyte
A
- substance that produces ions when dissolved in water
- allows solution to conduct electricity
- essential for various bodily functions including nerve transmission and muscle contraction.
13
Q
Homeostasis
A
‘Maintaining a stable internal environment’
- The regulation of conditions inside the body to maintain a stable internal environment, in response to both internal and external conditions.
14
Q
Hypothalamic Set Point
A
Target body temperature maintained by hypothalamus.
15
Q
Hypothalamus
A
- Small region of brain
- essential for regulating various bodily functions including:
- temperature
- hunger
- thirst
- sleep
- hormonal balance
- acts as link between nervous system and endocrine system.
16
Q
Key 3 Components of Homeostasis
A
- Receptors
- The Control Centre
- Effectors
17
Q
Receptors
A
- sensors which respond to stimuli
- sends signals to control centre to initiate response.
18
Q
Types of Receptors
A
- Thermo-receptors
- Osmo-receptors
- Chemoreceptors
19
Q
Osmolarity
A
Measure of concentration of solute particles in a solution.
20
Q
Thermo-receptors
A
Responds to temperature changes.
21
Q
Osmo-receptors
A
Responds to changes in osmolarity.
22
Q
Chemoreceptors
A
Responds to chemical changes.
23
Q
The Control Centre
A
- receives signals from receptors
- analyses information
- determines appropriate response.
-often brain or specific gland.
24
Q
Effectors
A
-muscle, gland or organ that responds to signals from control centre
- produces effect from stimulation by nervous system or effect of a hormone
- correct imbalances
25
Nervous System Role in Homeostasis
Sends fast, precise impulses through nerves.
26
Endocrine System Role in Homeostasis
- hormones travel through bloodstream
- only effect cells with right receptors
27
Negative Feedback Loop (Homeostasis)
- system which compensates in opposite way of change
- response counteracts change to maintain homeostasis
28
Negative Feedback Loop EXAMPLE
Blood sugar regulation
1. Stimulus: Blood sugar levels rise after eating.
2. Receptor: Pancreas detects high sugar levels.
3. Control Centre: Pancreas releases insulin.
4. Effector: Insulin helps absorb sugar from blood.
5. Response: Blood sugar levels back to normal.
29
Positive Feedback Loop (Homeostasis)
- change in system causes further change in same direction.
- amplifies initial change.
30
Positive Feedback Loop EXAMPLE
Childbirth
1. Stimulus: baby's head pushing against cervix.
2. Receptors: Stretch receptors in the cervix detect the pressure.
3. Control Centre: The brain receives signals from stretch receptors and releases oxytocin.
4. Effectors: Oxytocin causes uterus (effector) to contract more forcefully.
5. Amplification: Increases contractions push baby further down, cause more stretching, more oxytocin release.
*Loop continues until childbirth is complete*
31
Key Aspects of Infection Control
- Natural Barriers
- Immune System
- Fevers
32
Examples of natural barriers
- skin
- hair
- mucous
- mucous membranes
- tears
- urine
- earwax
- stomach acid
33
Function of natural barriers
- prevent pathogens from entering body;
- defend against pathogens which have invaded
- either block, trap or create movement to direct pathogens away from entry points
- injuries like cuts, burns compromise NB
34
Mucous Membranes
Linings of epithelial tissue that cover mouth, nose and eyelids.
35
The Immune System
- white blood cells
- lymphatic system
- bone marrow
36
What happens during inflammation?
- blood supply increases + carries immune cells to affected area
- surface of body closest to infected area becomes red and warm (blood flow)
- blood vessel walls become more absorbent
- fluid and WBC flow into infected tissue
- increase in fluid causes inflamed tissue to swell
- WBC attack invaders > release substances which continue inflammation.
- other substances cause clotting in capillaries near affected area > stops spread of pathogen
- substances produced during inflammation stimulate nerves > causing pain + chills, fever, muscle ache, etc.
37
Types of WBC
- Neutrophils
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
38
shunting
process of diverting flow of bodily fluid from one pathway to another
39
What happens during a fever?
- body temp increase as protective response to infection, injury.
- Higher body temp increases defence mechanisms (can cause discomfort).
- Hypothalamus's thermostat is reset.
- Temp raises by shunting blood from skin surface to interior.
