Module 3 Modern Evolutionary Theory and Systematics

Question 1

True or False: The main weakness of Darwin’s
initial theories was his inability to identify mechanisms of inheritance

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The rediscovery of ________ filled in the gap of knowledge/weakness of Darwin’s theory

Answer 2

Mendel’s work

Question 3

Modern evolutionary theory
factors in _______

Answer 3

Genetics, Paleontology, Biogeography,
Embryology, Animal Behavior, and Systematics

Question 4

Alternative forms of a
gene

Answer 4

Allele

Question 5

Combination of
alleles (hereditary types)

Answer 5

Genotype (Ex. AA, Aa, aa)

Question 6

Visible characteristics of an organism

Answer 6

Phenotype

Question 7

3 Mendelian laws of inheritance

Answer 7

● Law of dominance
● Law of segregation
● Law of independent assortment

Question 8

In this law, in a heterozygote, one allele
would mask the phenotype of
the other

Answer 8

Law of dominance

Question 9

This allele is expressed in both
homozygous and heterozygous individuals

Answer 9

Dominant

Question 10

This allele is only expressed if the individual is homozygous for that allele

Answer 10

Recessive

Question 11

True or False: Dominant alleles are noted as capital letters

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Recessive alleles are noted as _______

Answer 12

Small letters

Question 13

This law states that paired alleles that specify alternative phenotypes separate so each gamete receives only one allele

Answer 13

Law of segregation

Question 14

This law states that genes found on different pairs of homologous chromosomes assort independently during meiosis

Answer 14

Law of independent
assortment

Question 15

True or False: In law of independent assortment, inheritance of one gene does not affect others

Answer 15

True

Question 16

True or False: Some genes do not follow
Mendelian laws

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Give an example that does not follow Mendelian laws.

Answer 17

Ex. Multiple alleles (blood type), sex-linked inheritance (red-green color blindness)

Question 18

______ is the study of
genetic change occurring within
natural populations

Answer 18

Microevolution

Question 19

Occurence of different forms of an allele in a population

Answer 19

Polymorphism

Question 20

All alleles of all genes possessed by members of a population

Answer 20

Gene pool

Question 21

True or False: Population genetics measures
the relative frequencies of different alleles in a population

Answer 21

True

Question 22

__________ is the random fluctuation in allele frequencies
from one generation to the next

Answer 22

Genetic drift

Question 23

True or False: Genetic drift occurs in all populations of
finite size

Answer 23

True

Question 24

Effects of genetic drift are greater in?

Answer 24

Smaller populations

Question 25

______ is the **movement of alleles** between populations via migration

Answer 25

Gene flow

Question 26

______ describes large scale events in evolution

Answer 26

Macroevolution

Question 27

True or False: In macroevolution, scale goes beyond the population level

Answer 27

True

Question 28

True or False: Macroevolutionary changes emerge from microevolutionary changes

Answer 28

True

Question 29

_________ encompasses the *differential survival and multiplication* of species **based on variation** among lineages

Answer 29

Species selection

Question 30

True or False: Differential speciation and extinction caused by variations in species level properties

Answer 30

True (Ex. Migration patterns, geographic range, specialized vs generalized feeding)

Question 31

True or False: Mass extinctions may select for different characteristics from those that were common during non extinction events

Answer 31

True

Question 32

Mass extinction is what form of selection?

Answer 32

Catastrophic species selection

Question 33

_________ is the science of classification

Answer 33

Taxonomy

Question 34

True or False: Taxonomy is part of systematics, but taxonomy predates evolutionary biology

Answer 34

True

Question 35

__________ was the first to group organisms based on their **shared morphological features**

Answer 35

Aristotle

Question 36

___________ created the **first unified system for classifying animals and plants** through *morphology*

Answer 36

Carolus Linnaeus

Question 37

True or False: Linnaean taxonomy arranges organisms into a **hierarchical system** where **taxa** (major groups of organisms) are **ranked**

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Main taxonomic ranks

Answer 38

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Question 39

True or False: Taxonomic ranks may be further subdivided for large and complex groups

Answer 39

True (Ex. suborder, infraorder, subphylum)

Question 40

True or False: Taxonomic recognition is somewhat arbitrary

Answer 40

True

Question 41

True or False: Classification was static pre-Darwin

Answer 41

True

Question 42

______ accounts for evolutionary theory

Answer 42

Systematization

Question 43

True or False: In sytematization, it includes the most recent common ancestor and its descendants

Answer 43

True

Question 44

True or False: In systematization, no essential characters need to be maintained throughout the system to form a taxon

Answer 44

True

Question 45

True or False: Modern taxonomy still retains the Linnaean classifications, but accounts for common evolutionary descent with modification

Answer 45

True

Question 46

True or False: Each species has a Latinized name composed of 2 word

Answer 46

True

Question 47

True or False: The scientific name must be italicized if typed or underlined if handwritten

Answer 47

True

Question 48

True or False: The genus is capitalized while the species epithet is lowercase

Answer 48

True

Question 49

True or False: There is no definitive species concept

Answer 49

True

Question 50

Commonly used criteria among species concepts:

Answer 50

■ Common descent ■ Smallest distinct groupings ■ Reproductive community

Question 51

True or False: All species have a temporal (evolutionary duration) and spatial distribution (geographic range)

Answer 51

True

Question 52

______ species that is present over large geographic ranges

Answer 52

cosmopolitan species

Question 53

_______ species that has a very limited geographic range

Answer 53

Endemic species

Question 54

True or False: Geographic range can change throughout the evolutionary duration of a species

Answer 54

True

Question 55

__________ refers to a species as an interbreeding population

Answer 55

The biological species concept

Question 56

Limitations of the biological species concept:

Answer 56

○ No temporal dimension ○ Disagreement on what level of reproductive isolation is needed ○ Does not account for asexually reproducing species

Question 57

______ defines species by **fixed, essential features**

Answer 57

The morphological species concept

Question 58

True or False: Before Darwin, species were **considered unchangeable**

Answer 58

True

Question 59

True or False: Modern biologists still use type specimens as a guide but the type is not considered absolute

Answer 59

True

Question 60

____________ defines species as a **lineage of ancestor-descendant** populations that maintains its identity

Answer 60

The evolutionary species concept

Question 61

True or False: The evolutionary species concept is difficult to observe

Answer 61

True

Question 62

__________ defines a species as an **irreducible group of organisms** distinct from others and with a parental pattern of ancestry and descent

Answer 62

The phylogenetic species concept

Question 63

True or False: The phylogenetic species concept gives more emphasis on common descent

Answer 63

True

Question 64

According to this concept, a species is a lineage with no detectable branching

Answer 64

The phylogenetic species concept

Question 65

True or False: The phylogenetic species concept describes more species than other concepts

Answer 65

True (but may be impractical in some situations)

Question 66

True or False: The disagreements between species concepts doesn’t make them invalid

Answer 66

True

Question 67

True or False: Depending on the field or types of specimens, some species concepts may be more applicable than others

Answer 67

True

Question 68

All animal species occupy one of ______ monophyletic phyla

Answer 68

32 monophyletic phyla

Question 69

True or False: Relationship between animal phyla are difficult to resolve

Answer 69

True

Question 70

True or False: Some groups of phyla are sufficiently repeatable

Answer 70

True

Question 71

Taxon Bilateria consists of all phyla except for

Answer 71

**P**orifera, **P**lacozoa, **X**enacoelomorpha, **C**nidaria, and **C**tenophora

Question 72

Within Bilateria, phyla can be divided into

Answer 72

Protostomia and Deuterostomia

Question 73

True or False: Chordata, Echinodermata, and Hemichordata are deuterostomes; the rest are protostomes

Answer 73

True

Question 74

Protostomes can be further subdivided into two:

Answer 74

Ecdysozoa and Lophotrochozoa

Question 75

________ consists of phyla that shed their outer body surface

Answer 75

Ecdysozoa (Ex. arthropods)

Question 76

a consists of phyla with either a lophophore (feeding structure) or a trochophore (larval form)

Answer 76

Lophotrochozoa (Ex. molluscs)