Module 3 Porifera, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
Poriferia: Sessile, aquatic filter
feeders
A
Sponges
2
Q
True or False: Most Sponges are marine while a few are freshwater
A
True
3
Q
Sponges rely on ____ for feeding, gas exchange, and excretion.
A
Water
4
Q
Sponges rely on water for?
A
Feeding, gas exchange, and excretion
5
Q
A large chamber in the
center of the sponge
A
Spongocoel
6
Q
Water enters the
spongocoel through
numerous pores and
exits through a large
opening called the
A
osculum
7
Q
A jelly-like substance
that separates the outer
layer of cells from the
choanocytes
A
Mesohyl
8
Q
Mesohyl Contains ________ that transport substances and produce spongin and spicules
A
amoeboid cells
9
Q
transport substances and produce spongin and spicules
A
amoeboid cells
10
Q
Are mineralized structures
that make up the sponge’s “skeleton”
A
Spongin and spicules
11
Q
are important in distinguishing different classes of sponge
A
Spicules
12
Q
Flagellated cells
surrounded by a
collar
A
Choanocytes
13
Q
These cells are used
for feeding and
reproduction
A
Choanocytes
14
Q
Choanocytes are similar in structure to
A
choanoflagellates
15
Q
True or False: Choanoflagellates are solitary or colonial aquatic eukaryotes
A
True
16
Q
True or False: Choanocytes are closely related to animals and may be similar to the common ancestor of all animals
A
True
17
Q
Are Amoeboid cells that move in the mesohyl and perform several functions
A
Archaeocytes
18
Q
What are the two specialized archaeocytes:
A
Sclerocytes and Spongocytes
19
Q
Specialized archaeocytes that secrete spicules
A
Sclerocytes
20
Q
Specialized archaeocytes
that secrete spongin
A
Spongocytes
21
Q
Thin, flat cells that form the pinacoderm
A
Pinacocytes
22
Q
True or False: Pinacocytes are the closest in form to true tissues
A
True
23
Q
Pinacocytes can ingest particles through ______
A
phagocytosis
24
Q
Function of Pinacocytes
A
Can ingest particles through phagocytosis and regulate the sponge’s surface area
25
Sponge digestion occurs
intracellularly
26
How does Intercellular digestion work in sponges
Food particles are
trapped in mucus
secreted by the collar
of the choanocytes (since choanocytes function are feeding and reproduction)
and are ingested by
phagocytosis
27
True or False: In the digestion of sponges, food particles need
to be smaller than individual cells
True
28
Diffusion between the
sponge’s cells and the
water outside facilitate
________
gas exchange, circulation,
and excretion
29
True or False: Sponges reproduce both asexually and sexually
True
30
Asexual reproduction
typically occurs through?
budding or
fragmentation
31
True or False: **Most** sponges are *m*onoecious
True
32
In sponges, where do egg cells arise from?
Amoebocytes
33
In sponges, where do sperm cells arise from?
Choanocytes (function: feeding and **reproduction**)
34
True or False: Sponge larvae are **free-swimming**
True
35
Sponge diversity: what are the 4 classes of sponges
● Calcarea
● Hexactinellida
● Demospongiae
● Homoscleromorpha
36
This class of sponge has spicules that are made up of **calcium carbonate**, spicules usually **needle
shaped**; some have **3 to 4 rays**, **small**, and **entirely marine**
Calcarea
37
Also known as glass sponge
Hexactinellida
38
True or False: Hexactinellida has skeleton composed of
**6-rayed siliceous spicules**
True
39
Shape of Hexactinellida
Often cylindrical or funnel
shaped
40
True or False: Hexactinellieda are all marine; prefer deep water
True
41
Largest group of sponges
(~95%)
Demospongiae
42
True or False: Demospongiae has spicules siliceous but **not
6-rayed**
True
43
True or False: Demospongiae species majority are marine; **one family** is freshwater
True
44
Formerly classified under
Demospongiae
Homoscleromorpha
45
True or False: Homoscleromorpha's pinacoderm has a basal
lamina
True
46
Why homoscleromorpha's pinacoderm has a basal
lamina
Not true tissue due to
the lack of desmosomes
47
True or False: **some** Homoscleromorpha **lack spicules entirely**
True
48
Radially symmetric animals
Cnidaria
49
True or False: **Nearly all species** of Cnidarians are **marine**
True
50
Cnidaria contain specialized stinging cells called
cnidocytes
51
True or False: Cnidarians have true tissue
True (Diploblastic and Do not contain true organs/organ systems
52
True or False: Cnidaria reproduce either sexually or asexually
True
53
Cnidarian dimorphism: Cnidarians have 2 distinct body plans:
○ Polyp
○ Medusa
54
True or False: Either Which of the 2 stages of Cnidaria is
Predominant depends on the class
True
55
This cnidaria is adapted for **sessile/sedentary life, have tubular bodies**
Polyp
56
True or False: Polyps may *reproduce asexually*
through **budding, fission, or pedal laceration**
True
57
Two common asexual reproduction in sea anemones
Fission, or pedal laceration
58
Occurs in polyps that
are clonal or colonial
Budding
59
In colonial cnidarians, polyps are called
zooids
60
Polyps that are used for feeding
Gastrozooids
61
Polyps that are used for reproduction
Gonozooids
62
Usually free-swimming, Bell/umbrella shaped bodies,
Medusa
63
True or False: Medusa have **sensory structures** for *orientation and light reception*
True
64
Life cycle: The zygote develops into a larva called
a planula
65
True or False: The planula (a larvae) attaches to a substrate and then metamorphoses into a polyp (sessile, tubular shape)
True
66
A life cycle with both a ___________ allows cnidarians to
occupy **pelagic and benthic** environments
polyp and medusa
67
Anatomy of a cnidarian: Stinging cells **concentrated around** the **mouth and tentacles**
Cnidocytes
68
Cnidocytes produce organelles known
as
Cnidae
69
are cnidae (an organelle) that administer toxins for feeding and defense
Nematocysts
70
Cnidocytes are triggered by ______ stimulation
Tactile stimulation
71
Serves as the
trigger in all cnidarians
except Anthozoa
Cnidocil
72
True or False: Extremely high osmotic pressure generates hydrostatic
pressure to fire the barb
True
73
**Incomplete gut**, often *branched or divided* with **septa**,
Gastrovascular cavity
74
Gastrovascular cavity's opening is surrounded by _______
Tentacles
75
True or False: Gastrovascular cavity is shared in colonial cnidarians
True
76
Cnidarians digest food
extracellularly
77
In cnidarians, since food is digested extracellularly, food is taken into the ___
gastrovascular cavity
78
What are secreted to digest food in cnidarians?
Enzymes
79
True or False: In Cnidarians, nutrients are absorbed by the **cells lining the cavity**
True
80
In cnidarians, how does excretion and gas exchange occur?
Gas exchange and excretion occur through **diffusion** *between the cells and the water* in the environment
81
The body wall of a cnidarians has ________ and _____ with mesoglea in between
Outer epidermis and inner gastrodermis
82
is a jelly-like extracellular matrix
Mesoglea
83
True or False: Cnidarians have a simple nervous system
True
84
In cnidarians, nerve cells are **organized in a scattered network** called
nerve net
85
Are groups of
nerves that house sensory receptors
Rhopalia
86
Cnidarian diversity: 6 classes of Cnidaria are
● **H**ydrozoa
● **S**cyphozoa
● **S**taurozoa
● **M**yxozoa
● **C**ubozoa
● **A**nthozoa
87
**Solitary or colonial
organisms** *with a dominant polyp form*
Hydrozoa (hydras)
88
Examples of Hydrozoa?
■ Hydra
■ Portuguese Man O’ War
■ Turritopsis or the
“immortal jellyfish”
89
What do Portuguese man-of-war use to float on the water surface?
Inflated Polyp
90
_________ can revert back to the polyp stage of their development in **response to damage or starvation**
*Turritopsis*
91
Process of reverting back to the polyp stage of their development in **response to damage or starvation**
transdifferentiation
92
True jellyfishes, *dominant medusa form*
with a **bell-like shape**,
Scyphozoa (”cup animals”)
93
True or False: Scyphozoa's margin of the bell has **8 notches with rhopalia**
True
94
Box jellyfish, dominant medusa stage
that is **box-shaped rather than bell-shaped.**
Cubozoa (“box animals”)
95
True or False: Cubozoa's each corner of the umbrella
has a **tentacle or tentacles**
*hanging from a pedalium*
True
96
_____ are small and highly venomous box jellyfish
Irukandji jellyfish
97
Getting stung by this
jellyfish causes **Irukandji
syndrome**
Irukandji jellyfish
98
Symptoms of **Irukandji
syndrome**
■ Excruciating muscle
pain
■ Increased heart rate
■ Anxiety
99
Flower-like polyps, **do not have a medusa stage**,
Anthozoa (“flower animals”)
100
True or False: Anthozoa (“flower animals”) can be solitary or colonial
True
101
3 subclasses of Anthozoa (“flower animals”)
■ Hexacorallia
■ Ceriantipatharia
■ Octocorallia
102
Contains sea anemones and hard/true corals
Subclass Hexacorallia
103
Body plan of Subclass Hexacorallia?
Hexamerous body plan (Structures in multiples of 6)
104
Large polyps, Gastrovascular cavity is divided into **6 chambers by 6 pairs of mesenteries**
Sea anemones (Actiniaria)
105
True or False: Anemones form mutualistic relationships with several organisms
True (■ Ex. hermit crabs,
clownfish)
106
Anemone-like polyps living in a calcium carbonate
exoskeleton
True corals (Scleractinia)
107
What excretes skeleton in True corals (Scleractinia)?
Epidermis at the base
secretes the
exoskeleton
108
True or False: In colonial corals, the living coral forms a sheet of tissue over the exoskeleton
True
109
Unpaired mesenteries, can be solitary (tube
anemones) or colonial
(black corals)
Subclass Ceriantipatharia
110
**Soft and gorgonian** corals, *octomerous body plan* (structures in multiples of 8)
Subclass Octocorallia
111
Subclass Octocorallia are **all colonial**
True
112
In Subclass Octocoralia, gastrovascular cavities
of each polyp are
connected by a series of
tubes called
solenia
113
Large formations of limestone in shallow, tropical seas deposited by organisms over thousands of years
Coral reefs
114
Limestone structures are
formed by
reef-building
(hermatypic) corals and
coralline algae
115
require warm temperatures, light, and high salinity
Hermatypic corals
116
Mutualistic dinoflagellates
called _________ need light
zooxanthellae
117
occurs when the loss of zooxanthellae turns
corals white and brittle
Coral bleaching
118
True or False: Climate change drives coral bleaching
True
119
Why does climate change drive coral to bleach?
Higher temperatures
damage the photosynthetic
mechanisms of the
zooxanthellae and cause
oxidants to build up
120
Comb jellies, have **8 rows of comblike plates**
of *cilia for movement*
Ctenophores
121
True or False: Ctenophores have complete gut
True
122
Where does digestion occur in Ctneophores?
Extracellular digestion
occurs in the pharynx
123
True or False: Ctenophores are entirely marine
True
124
True or False: *Most* ctenophores are **monoecious**
True
125
True or False: Ctenophores have *similar nerve network* to that of **cnidarians**
True
126
True or False: *Some* studies place **ctenophores**
as the **sister group** of all other animals rather than sponges
True
127
Why do some studies place **ctenophores** as the **sister group** of all other animals rather than sponges?
Molecular data suggests that sponges have more derived chromosomal rearrangements than ctenophores
