Module 4 Platyhelminthes Flashcards
1
Q
A large clade that contains
almost all triploblastic animals
A
Bilateria
2
Q
Bilaterian animals can be
further subdivided into two
clades:
A
- Protostomes
- Deuterostomes
3
Q
Protostomes include:
A
○ Platyhelminthes
○ Annelida
○ Mollusca
○ Nematoda
○ Arthropoda
4
Q
Deuterostomes include:
A
○ Echinodermata
○ Chordata
5
Q
Bilateria is divided into 3 clades
A
○ Lophotrochozoa
○ Ecdysozoa
○ Deuterostomia
6
Q
Protostome taxon that possess either a lophophore or a trochophore larva
A
Lophotrochozoa
7
Q
_ is a crown of
ciliated tentacles found near
the mouth
A
Lophophore
8
Q
Function of Lophopore
A
Used for feeding and
respiration
9
Q
is a free-swimming larva with a ring of large ciliated cells in front of the mouth
A
trochophore
10
Q
Function of trochopore
A
Primarily used for locomotion but can be used in feeding
11
Q
True or False: Annelids and molluscs have a trochophore larva
A
True
12
Q
True or False: Some taxa within Lophotrochozoa lack both a lophophore and a trochophore
A
True
13
Q
Platyhelminthes (Flat Worms) Characteristics
A
- Free-living and parasitic species
- Dorsoventrally flattened bodies
- Aceollmate (no body cavity)
14
Q
Flatforms that are limited to moist areas
A
Terrestrial flatworms
15
Q
True or False: Most free-living flatworms are aquatic;
A
True
16
Q
True of False: Many parasitic flatworms have more than one host
A
True
17
Q
True or False: first host is usually a vertebrate
A
False (invertebrate)
18
Q
True or False: The final host is usually a vertebrate
A
True
19
Q
Anatomy and Physiology: What kind of flatworms have ciliated epidermis?
A
Free-living flatworms
20
Q
Flatworms that have non-ciliated epidermis
A
Parasitic flatworms
21
Q
Free-living flatworms use their ciliated epidermis to?
A
Glide across surfaces
22
Q
_ has dual-gland adhesive organs for attaching to surfaces and rhabdites
A
Epidermis
23
Q
Rod-shaped structures that swell and form a protective mucous sheath
A
Rhabdites
24
Q
Most parasitic flatworms have a ______ tegument
A
Syncytial tegument
25
What is syncytial tegument?
- Multiple nuclei within one cell membrane
- Larvae are ciliated and lose the cilia once a host is contacted
- Tegument is resistant to immune response
26
True or False: **Free-living flatworms** are either predators or scavengers
True
27
Flatworms that **feed on host tissue**
Parasitic flatworms
28
True or False: **Most** flatworms have an incomplete digestive system
True
29
True or False: The **intestine of a flatworm** have 3 multi-branched trunks
True
30
True or False: Digestion is **extracellular**
True
31
True or False: Tapeworms completely lack a digestive system
True (they rely on host’s digestive systems)
32
Flatworms have a **simple excretory system** for *waste fluids* made up of _______.
Protonephridia
33
A flagellated **flame cells** that line tubules and directs waste
Photonephridia
34
Flatworms lack what systems?
Respiratory and Circulatory
35
Since Flatworms lack respiratory and circulatory system how are gas and nutrients exchanged?
Facilitated by **diffusion** and **intercellular junctions**
36
True or False: Flatworms lacking respiratory and circulatory system make their body plan flat
True
37
True or False: Flatworms have a **simple nervous system**
True
38
Longitudinal nerve cords with transverse nerves forming a ____ pattern
**lader**
39
A large concentration of nerve cells can be found in ____ end
Anterior end
40
Where are sensory cells found?
Anterior end
41
True or False: **Most** *flatworm* species are monoecious/hermaphroditic
True
42
True or False: In most flatworms, fertilization is usually internal
True
43
Flatworms reproduce _____
Asexually via fission (common in flatworms)
44
____ develops both male and female organs during breeding season.
Turbellarian
45
True or False: **Some** aquatic species engage in **penis fencing**
True
46
Process in which two aquatic species, such as worms, attempt to **stab** each other with their **penis** to inseminate
Penis fencing
47
True or False: Parasitic flatworms have varied life cycles.
True
48
True or False: Some parasitic worms have multiple bonds, some only have one
True
49
True or False: Some parasitic worms only hatch after being consumed by the host.
True
50
Flatworm Diversity: What are the four classes?
- Turbellaria
- Monogenea
- Trematoda
- Cestoda
51
Mostly Free-living worms that inhabit marine, freshwater, and moist terrestrial habitats. Its intestines can either have 3 branches (Tricladida) or more than 3 (Polycladida)
Turbellaria
52
How do Turbellarians move?
They move in with a combination of cilia and muscular movements
53
What planarians swim with their cilia
Small planarians
54
These planarians crawl by using **muscular undulations**
Larger planarians and Terrestrial planarians
55
Are internal parasites, have a life cycle that involves a primary host and one or more secondary hosts.
Trematoda (Flukes)
56
What are the primary host and secondary host of a trematoda
Primary usually mollusks and secondary hosts are vertebrates
57
They are the causative agent for several diseases such as Schistosomiasis
Trematodes
58
Caused by the blood fluke (trematodes/trematoda) *Schistosoma* with **snails** as the **primary host** and **humans** as the **secondary hosts**
Schistosomiasis
59
True or False: schistosomiasis is common in **tropical** and **subtropical** countries, especially in areas with **poor water quality** and **sanitation**
True
60
True or False: a contact with infested water allows the larvae to enter the **SKIN**
True
61
True or False: Schistosomiasis is prevalent in the PH (Philippines)
True
62
Common in many East Asian regions; inhabit the **bile ducts** of humans and other mammals; can infect a snail, then a fish, then a mammal
Liver Flukes (Clonorchis sinensis)
63
**All** of its species are **parasitic** and only have **one host** during their life cycle
Monogenea
64
These are **mainly external parasites** of **fish**. They also attach to the host with **hooks** on a **large posterior attachment organ** (opisthaptor)
Monogenea
65
True or False: Monogenea are used to be classified under Trematoda, but was recently assigned a new class.
True
66
What new class is assigned to Monogenea?
They are closely related to **Cestoda** based on DNA
67
These are **internal parasites** living in the **digestive tract of the vertebrate host** and most **need at least 2 hosts**
Cestoda (flatworms)
68
True or False: Tapeworms have **long flattened bodies** with a **scolex** and a series of **proglottids**
True
69
A structure with **hooks and suckers** for attaching to the host's gut
Scolex
70
True or false: Scolex is a modification of the posterior end; It is not a head of a tapeworm.
True
71
**Segments** that **facilitate reproduction**
Proglottids
72
True or False: **Mature Proglottids** **detach** and are **passed** in the **feces of the host.**
True
73
Chain of proglottids
Strobila
74
True of False: Proglottids contain both male and female reproductive system
True
75
What system do tapeworms not have?
Digestive
76
True or False: **Muscles** of a tapeworm are **well developed**, and **nervous and excretory systems** are **similar** to those in other **flatworms**
True
77
True or False: Tapeworms lack specialized sense organs
True
78
True or False: Adult Tapeworms lack external cilia
True
79
**External surface** of a tapeworm instead have structures **similar to microvilli** called
Microtriches
80
Allow for more surface area for absorption
Microtriches
81
How can a tapeworm infection occur?
Typical occurs through consumption of **poorly cooked** or **uncooked pork, beef, and fish**
82
Most common tapeworm in humans
*Taenia saginata* (beef tapeworm)
83
True or False: Juveniles of Taenia Saginata live in **intramuscular tissue** of a **cattle** while **adults** live in the **human intestine**
True
84
True or False: Taenia Saginata can reach 10m or more than in length. It also has 2000 proglottids
True
85
These bear **infective larvae** that pass in feces.
Gravid Proglottids
86
True or false: Embryos of a gravid proglottids can remain viable on grass for as long as 5 months
True
87
Other Common Tapeworms:
Taenia Solium (Pork tapeworm)
88
True or False: **Larvae** of a Taenia Solium develop in **pig muscles** then infect **human intestines**
True
89
What will happen if a Taenia Solium's (pork tapeworm) fertilized eggs are directly ingested by a human rather than a pig?
The brain, spinal cord, liver, muscles, or eyes (Cysticerosis) may be infected by the larvae
90
True or false: *Diphyllobothrium latum's* (fish tapeworm) **immature stages** develop in **fish** or **crustaceans**, **mature** individuals live in **mammal intestines**
True
91
Largest fish tapeworm that can infect a humans
up to 20m
