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Zoo Lec > Module 3 Darwin Evolution > Flashcards

Module 3 Darwin Evolution Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

Gradual change at the genetic level of populations over the course of several generations

A

Evolution

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2
Q

Occurs when new species arise from common ancestors via descent with modification

A

Speciation

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3
Q

These guide biological research of today

A

Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution and chromosomal theory of inheritance

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4
Q

True or False: Early Roman philosophers recognized fossils as evidence for extinct life

A

False: Greek

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5
Q

True or False: Evolutionary thinking was considered rebellious for most of history

A

True

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6
Q

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed evolution through ________

A

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

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7
Q

What theory states that organisms acquire adaptations and pass them onto their offspring

A

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

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8
Q

Lamarckism is ______

A

Transformational

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9
Q

True or False: Transformational in Lamarckism refers to the idea that organisms can transform their characteristics through the use and disuse of body parts.

A

True

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10
Q

True or False: Traits acquired by an organism throughout its life cannot be passed onto offspring

A

True

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11
Q

Who established the principle of uniformitarianism

A

Charles Lyell

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12
Q

This principle states that laws of chemistry and physics have not changed throughout the Earth’s history

A

Principle of Uniformitarianism

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13
Q

According to the principle of uniformitarianism, past geological events that occurred by natural processes are similar to those that are occurring today

A

True

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14
Q

Why did Lyell conclude that the Earth’s age must be in measured in hundreds of millions of years?

A

Because rates of sedimentation are
too slow to produce the
layers of sedimentary rock
over a short period of time

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15
Q

True or False: Darwin joined the 5-year voyage
of the HMS Beagle

A

True

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16
Q

What places did Darwin observe on the similarities
between the plants and animals?

A

Galapagos Islands and
mainland South America

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17
Q

True or False: Each island in the Galapagos
often had a unique species that
resembled species on the other
islands

A

True

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18
Q

What did Darwin conclude?

A

Darwin concluded that
Galapagos organisms originated
from continental South America
and then underwent
modification in the islands

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19
Q

Darwinian evolution is
composed of 5 theories:

A

Perpetual change
Common descent
Multiplication of species
Gradualism
Natural selection

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20
Q

The living world is neither
constant nor perpetually cycling,
but is always changing

A

Perpetual Change

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21
Q

True or False: Hereditary continuity is
observed from past to
present life

A

True

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22
Q

__________ shows the
hereditary continuity
throughout the history of life

A

Fossil Record

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23
Q

What do fossil show other than hereditary continuity?

A

Environmental changes

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24
Q

The Trends in fossil diversity are
produced by ___________

A

Varying rates of species formation vs extinction over time

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25
True or False: All organisms share a common ancestor
True
26
The last universal common ancestor likely existed over ______________
4 billion years ago
27
________ is the evolutionary history of organisms
Phylogeny
28
__________ are characters or **character states** that share the same evolutionary origin
Homologies
29
This show common descent
Homologies
30
True or False: Homologies were inherited from a **corresponding character** of an **ancestor** with **some modifications**
True
31
A ___________ of groups within groups supports a history of phylogenetic bracketing
Nested hierarchy
32
Species cluster into groups within groups based on suites of similar homologies
Nested hierarchy
33
________ is the development of an organism through its entire life
Ontogeny
34
True or False: Ontogeny **recapitulates** phylogeny
True
35
True or False: **Early developmental features** are *more* **widely shared across taxa** compared to *later ones*
True
36
Which explain the emergence of new homologies?
*Changes* in the **timing of developmental events** and **physical location of structures** in the **body plan**
37
_________ is the change in timing of developmental events
Heterochrony
38
_________ is the change in physical location of a developmental process
Heterotopy
39
_____ provides the material from which new species arise
Genetic variation
40
_________ is the formation of new species from an existing species
Speciation
41
True or False: There is no definitive consensus on what a species is
True (Multiple species concepts exist)
42
This states that a *species* is a **reproductive community** of populations **occupying a specific niche**
Biological species concept
43
________ are biological features that prevent interbreeding between species
Reproductive barriers (Can be prezygotic (impair fertilization) or postzygotic (impair development, survival, or reproductive capability)
44
True or False: **Geographic isolation followed by divergence** can lead to evolution of reproductive barriers
True
45
________ are **populations** of one species occupying **separate geographic areas**
Allopatric populations
46
True or False: Species cannot interbreed because of geographic separation, but can if the barriers are removed
True
47
_________ occurs when the **separated populations** *evolve independently* and *develop* **reproductive barriers**
Allopatric speciation
48
Populations can be separated by 2 means:
Vicariance and Founder Event
49
The geological or climate change separates populations
Vicariance
50
Small number of individuals disperse to a distant region with no members of that species
Founder event
51
occurs when **individuals within a species** *specialize* to **occupy different niches** within the *same habitat*
Sympatric speciation
52
Example of Sympatric speciation
Cichlid fish in the African Great Lakes
53
_______ is the **evolution of several ecologically diverse species** from a *common ancestor*
Adaptive radiation
54
True or false: In adaptive radiation, many different species can arise within a short period of geological time
True
55
Adaptive radiation can be seen in?
It can can be seen in *lakes and young islands*
56
True or False: Volcanic islands initially lack life but are slowly colonized
True (Ex. Galapagos fifinches)
57
*Large phenotypic differences* between species only occur through the **accumulation of smaller changes over time**
Gradualism
58
This states that **new traits are established** in a **population** by **increasing their frequency**
Populational gradualism
59
This states that **new traits are produced** over **small incremental changes** *over hundreds to thousands of generations*
Phenotypic gradualism
60
True or False: Phenotypic gradualism is controversial
True
61
True or False: Not all changes in phenotype are small
True (Ex. Dwarfifing in dogs and sheep)
62
_________ states that *phenotypic evolution* is **concentrated in short events of branching speciation** followed by **longer intervals of morphological stability**
Punctuated equilibrium
63
True or False: Both punctuated and gradual evolution are seen in the fossil record
True
64
The major process by which evolution occurs in Darwin’s theory
Natural Selection
65
Explains the origin of **adaptation**
Natural Selection
66
True or False: Darwin *developed* the theory of natural selection based on **5 observations and 3 inferences** he drew from them
True
67
What inference or observation states that all populations produce large numbers of gametes and offspring each generation. Population increases exponentially
Observation 1 - Organisms have great potential fertility
68
What inference or observation states natural populations fluctuate in size across generations and sometimes go extinct. No natural populations show continued exponential growth.
Observation 2 - Natural populations mostly remain constant in size
69
In observation 2, no natural populations show continued exponential growth.
True
70
What inference or observation states that exponential growth of a natural population would require unlimited resources to provide food and habitat. Resources are finite
Observation 3 - Natural resources are limited
71
What inference or observation states that no two individuals are exactly the same even within population
Observation 4 - Populations show variation among organisms
72
What inference or observation states that offspring resemble their parents.
Observation 5 - Some variation is heritable
73
In observation 5, Darwin at the time did not understand the mechanisms of inheritance
True
74
Which inference or observation states that overpopulation leads to more severe struggles for food, space, and shelter. Only a small part of individuals survive each generation.
Inference 1 - Members of a population undergo a continuing struggle to exist
75
Which inference or observation states that traits that confer an advantage to survival allow organisms to live longer and pass those traits onto their offspring
Inference 2 - Varying organisms show differential survival and reproduction favoring advantageous traits
76
Which inference or observation states that propagation of favorable traits transforms species. Natural selection leads to speciation
Inference 3 - Over many generations, natural selection generates new adaptations and new species
77
In survival of the fittest, it does not mean survival of the physically strongest individuals
True
78
If survival of the fittest does not mean survival of the physically strongest individuals, then what?
Fitness refers to the ability of an organism to survive to reproductive age and produce offspring
79
The fitness of an organism depends on?
on its suitability to its environment
80
True or False: Fitness is not absolute. The “fittest” now could go extinct later
True
81
Peppered moth (*Biston betularia*) has two color variants which are?
f. *typica* (white) and f. *carbonaria* (black)
82
Which is more common during pre-industrial England?
White morph (f. *typica*)
83
What became more common during the Industrial Revolution?
Black morph (f. *carbonaria*)
84
Natural selection is a 2 step process with a random and nonrandom component. Which is the random?
Mutation is random
85
Natural selection is a 2 step process with a random and nonrandom component. Which is the non-random?
Survival of different traits
86
This is the ultimate source of new genetic variation
Mutations
87
True or False: Mutations are **chemicophysical changes** that affect the **sequence of nucleotides** in DNA
True
88
True or False: Mutations **can** be passed on
True
89
True or False: Mutations does not prefer advantageous traits
True
90
_________ is the **differential survival and reproduction** among varying organisms
Sorting
91
This can even produce sorting
Random processes
92
True or False: When natural selection occurs, sorting occurs due to **advantageous traits**
True
93
Specific cause of sorting
Selection

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