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Packaging > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

is an inorganic, noncrystalline, brittle solid that is formed by cooling from a liquid state

A

Glass

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2
Q

It shows no discontinuous change in properties at any temperature, but becomes more rigid when its temperature decreases and less rigid when its temperature increases.

A

Glass

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3
Q

occurs at a level of stress approximately equal to yield stress.

A

The proportional limit

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4
Q

causes the material to be permanently deformed

A

Stress greater than the yield stress value

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5
Q

When tiny crystals form in a repeating orderly fashion in a material, the material is said to be

A

crystalline or to have “crystalline regions”

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6
Q

Is glass amorphous or crystalline?

A

Amorphous

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7
Q

Glass is sometimes is reffered to as a

A

supercooled liquid

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8
Q

heat from a volcano can melt sand to form a natural glass called

A

obsidian.

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9
Q

lightning strikes onto a sand dune or beach can melt sand to form a natural glass called

A

fulgurite

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10
Q

There are two such natural heat sources that occur in nature:

A

volcanoes and lightning

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11
Q

wrote that the process of glass making was discovered when Phoenician mariners used pieces of natron to support cooking pots over a campfire on the beach.

A

Pliny, Roman historian

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12
Q

a mixture of soda ash and sodium bicarbonate

A

Natron

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13
Q

Glass beads were used in Syria in

A

12,000 BC

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14
Q

The Egyptians had glass jewelry in

A

700 BC

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15
Q

The Egyptians made glass bottles by winding strands of glass onto baked clay forms in

A

3000BC

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16
Q

Blowpipes were first used around ______ to form glass objects

A

300 BC

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17
Q

The _______ greatly improved the ability of artisans to produce glass objects.

A

blowpipe

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18
Q

The Romans produced flat glass in

A

200 BC

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19
Q

Glass manufacturing began at ____ in ____.

A

Jamestown, in the Virginia colony, in 1608

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20
Q

Use of manual glass container manufacturing machines began in the

A

1800s

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21
Q

worked for the Libby Company, invented the first automated bottle-making machine in 1903.

A

Michael Owens

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22
Q

If a ______ is added to the mix, the glass will be colored.

A

colorant

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23
Q

Three Selected Types of Glass

A

Glass Made from Pure Silica
Glass Made from Soda and Silica
Container (Packaging) Glass

24
Q

Characteristics of Pure Silica Glass

A

• Inexpensive raw material
• Excellent durability
• High energy requirements to melt the mix
• Hard to fine (remove bubbles)
• Hard to form
• Expensive to process

25
Q

The only significant application is for the manufacture of mirrors and lenses for telescopes and other optical equipment.

A

Glass Made from Pure Silica

26
Q

This type of glass is used in the chemical industry because it is resistant to attack by many chemicals.

A

Glass Made from Soda and Silica

27
Q

is made of a mixture of several materials, including silica, soda, calcium carbonate (calcia), aluminum oxide, and other materials

A

Container glass

28
Q

which are added to improve the durability of the glass, also increase the viscosity of the melt, making the container manufacturing process more difficult and more expensive.

A

Aluminum oxide and calcium carbonate

29
Q

The _________ is the part of the plant where the ingredients are mixed in the proper quantities to be added to the glass furnace

A

batch house

30
Q

The batch house is located at the

A

input end of the glass furnace

31
Q

The _____ are usually supported on heavy frames above a large conveyor that feeds the hopper.

A

silos

32
Q

The ingredients are thoroughly mixed together and then dumped into a _____, which dumps the mix into the furnace

A

hopper

33
Q

The glass furnace consists of a number of sections:

A

melter, bridgewall, throat, refiner, and one or more forehearths

34
Q

The _____ is the largest section of the glass furnace.

A

melter

35
Q

The _____ form the end of the melter opposite the input end.

A

bridgewall and throat

36
Q

floating mix of impurities is typically referred to as

A

slag

37
Q

The _____ is the section on the downstream side of the bridgewall

A

refiner

38
Q

The _____ is the section on the downstream side of the bridgewall

A

refiner

39
Q

Small bubbles float to the surface and are removed in a step known as

A

fining

40
Q

are ceramic-lined troughs like bathtubs that convey the glass from the refiner to the glass container forming machines

A

Forehearths

41
Q

are shaped to influence the quantity of glass that flows into different parts of the container

A

Gobs

42
Q

As the molten glass leaves the spout, a gob is cut off by the

A

gob shears

43
Q

Containers are formed in

A

IS (individual section) machines

44
Q

preliminary form of the container

A

Parison

45
Q

There are two basic approaches to manufacturing containers:

A

1) press and blow molding or 2) blow and blow molding

46
Q

to manufacture containers with wide necks, jars and cups.

A

Press and Blow Molding

47
Q

A wide-neck jar is usually defined as having a finish larger than

A

43 mm in diameter

48
Q

Annealing is done in a large oven called a

A

lehr

49
Q

is applied at the hot end (the front end) of the annealing lehr

A

A bonding agent (usually tin or titanium tetrachloride)

50
Q

At the cold end (the back end) of the lehr, what is applied?

A

a friction-reducing agent (or a coating) is applied. Coatings that are applied include polyethylene, waxes, and silicones.

51
Q

Following are some of the defects that can cause rejection of a container:

A

• Dimensions that are out of tolerance
1. Thread height
2. Finish diameter
3. Sealing ring at the top of the finish
4. Diameter of the body
5. Bottom
• Chips or cracks
• Birdswings (glass bridge across the interior of the container)
• Bubbles
• Color variation

52
Q

Containers that reach the end of the manufacturing process are packaged for delivery to the customer. There are two approaches that can be used:

A

(1) bulk handling, and (2) reshippers

53
Q

The glass manufacturing process includes two steps that are specifically intended to improve the strength of the containers:

A

annealing and coating.

54
Q

is the process of changing from a vitreous structure to a crystalline structure as the glass cools.

A

Devitrification

55
Q

The bridgewall extends partways down from the surface, leaving an open area, called the _____, under the wall.

A

throat

56
Q

Design and Manufacturing Factors That Affect Container Strength

A

• Distribution of glass throughout the container, including thickness at various points and the distribution pattern of the glass into specific areas, such as corners
• Container shape, such as the sharpness of radii, and so on.
• Surface condition, such as scratches on the surface of the glass. Tiny scratches act as stress concentrators, substantially reducing the strength of the glass.
• The type of load. As discussed previously, glass is very strong in compression, but often fails under tension.

57
Q

Ways to Improve the Strength of Glass

A

• Anneal containers in a lehr to relieve internal stresses in the container.
• Limit surface damage.
• Build compressive stresses into the material (although this is not done much with packaging glasses and will not be discussed here).
• Change the package design (change radii, take out corners, increase wall thickness, change the distribution of glass in the mold, etc).

Packaging (12 decks)

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