Module 6

Question 1

Wood is mainly used for packaging applications in the form of

Answer 1

crates, cases, wire-bound containers, pallets, and pallet boxes.

Question 2

the single biggest use of wood in packaging is for

Answer 2

the manufacture of pallets.

Question 3

pallets can be made of

Answer 3

plastic, steel, aluminum, and other materials, including corrugated board

Question 4

was an early form of shipping container.

Answer 4

bilged cask

Question 5

were used to handle liquid and dry products on trains and on ships and wagons

Answer 5

Casks

Question 6

first modern shipping containers

Answer 6

wooden boxes and crates

Question 7

primary packaging materials in most developing countries

Answer 7

wood

Question 8

an indigenous raw material and is readily available.

Answer 8

wood

Question 9

the major uses of wood can be classified as:

Answer 9

 Fuel
 Raw material for the manufacture of paper and paper products
 Raw material for the extraction of useful chemicals
 Structural and other applications that employ wood in its solid and largely unmodified state. Wood used for packaging applications is included in this last category.

Question 10

The grain of wood results from

Answer 10

its fibrous structural formation in the tree.

Question 11

Wood fibers are arranged in

Answer 11

concentric rings, parallel to the long (vertical) axis of a tree trunk

Question 12

In compression and tension, wood is strongest ______ and weakest at ______

Answer 12

along the grain; right angles to the grain

Question 13

In shear, wood is strongest at ______.

Answer 13

right angles to the grain

Question 14

Wood may be cut and worked into various shapes with the aid of

Answer 14

simple hand tools or by power-driven machinery

Question 15

Wood can be joined by means of ______

Answer 15

nails, screws, bolts, or other mechanical connectors

Question 16

Decay and insect damage can be largely eliminated by

Answer 16

following sound methods of design and using properly seasoned wood.

Question 17

Wood materials are not well suited for

Answer 17

high-speed mechanized packaging operations.

Question 18

Wood is generally classified into two categories:

Answer 18

Softwood and Hardwood

Question 19

The major use of softwood is

Answer 19

building construction

Question 20

Examples of softwoods include

Answer 20

pine, fir, cedar, redwood

Question 21

A major use of hardwood is

Answer 21

furniture manufacturing

Question 22

Examples of hardwoods include

Answer 22

oak, maple, birch, walnut, cherry

Question 23

In packaging, softwoods are used to make

Answer 23

crates and boxes

Question 24

In packaging, hardwood is used to make

Answer 24

pallets, crates, boxes, barrels, and slats for wire-bound containers

Question 25

refers to any irregularity or deviation from the qualities that make wood suitable for a particular purpose.

Answer 25

Defect

Question 26

Defects can be separated into two categories:

Answer 26

(1) natural defects and (2) defects due to seasoning and machining

Question 27

are imperfections in the wood of living trees

Answer 27

Natural defects

Question 28

arise from growth and environment.

Answer 28

Natural defects

Question 29

occurs when the fiber alignment in a piece of wood is not parallel with the longitudinal axis of the piece.

Answer 29

Cross grain

Question 30

The irregular forms of cross grain

Answer 30

curly, wavy, or interlocked

Question 31

reduce the tensile, compressive, and bending strengths of wood, as well as the stiffness.

Answer 31

The irregular forms of cross grain

Question 32

is the base of a branch that is embedded in the wood of a tree trunk or of a larger limb or branch

Answer 32

knot

Question 33

harder, more dense, often more resinous, and shrinks in a different manner than surrounding wood tissue.

Answer 33

knot

Question 34

Sometimes increases the compression strength and shear strength of the wood

Answer 34

presence of sound, tight knots

Question 35

there is a loss of bending strength associated with the grain distortion in the wood around the

Answer 35

knot

Question 36

occurs when a tree produces greater growth on one side than the other.

Answer 36

Reaction wood

Question 37

Is related to the process of straightening trees that are leaning

Answer 37

Reaction wood

Question 38

are internal stresses that are created by a slight shrinkage in cell length at the end of the period of cell development.

Answer 38

Growth stresses

Question 39

is an abnormal condition that causes the wood to break suddenly arid completely across the grain at stress levels lower than expected.

Answer 39

Brashness

Question 40

The most objectionable feature of brash wood is

Answer 40

the sudden failure without previous warning, especially when shock loaded.

Question 41

Pieces of brash wood can be distinguished from normal wood of the same species by the

Answer 41

unusually light weight

Question 42

a consequence of a decrease in the amount of cell wall material.

Answer 42

unusually light weight,

Question 43

are those defects that appear in the wood after a tree is cut.

Answer 43

Defects due to seasoning and machining

Question 44

Defects due to seasoning and machining results from

Answer 44

changes in the moisture content of the wood or from improper machining

Question 45

are ruptures in wood, which develop along the grain during seasoning

Answer 45

Checks

Question 46

Checks develop because of:

Answer 46

(1) a difference in radial and tangential shrinkage, resulting in stresses of sufficient magnitude to cause the failure of the wood along the planes of greatest weakness; (2) differences in shrinkage of the tissue and development of stresses of different magnitude in adjacent portions of the wood, occasioned by varying moisture content.

Question 47

is any distortion from the true plane that occurs in a piece of wood.

Answer 47

Warping

Question 48

principal types of warping are

Answer 48

bowing, crooking, cupping, twisting, and diamonding

Question 49

come loose during drying, because they are not physically attached to the surrounding wood.

Answer 49

Fallen knots

Question 50

The wood in the knot usually is more _____ than the surrounding wood.

Answer 50

dense

Question 51

is a roughened condition of the surface of dressed lumber in which the hard summerwood is raised above the softer springwood, but not torn from it.

Answer 51

Raised grain

Question 52

Deterioration of wood is caused by:

Answer 52

 Decomposition produced by physical agents, including heat or moisture  Chemical decomposition  Mechanical wear  Activity of biological agents, such as fungi, bacteria, insects, and marine borers

Question 53

is the ratio of the mass of water in the material to a reference wood mass

Answer 53

Moisture content of wood

Question 54

Freshly cut (green) wood typically has a moisture content in the range of

Answer 54

30 to 60 percent

Question 55

Wood for packaging should be well seasoned, either by

Answer 55

air drying or kiln drying

Question 56

Well-seaoned wood should have moisture content of

Answer 56

around 15-20 percent

Question 57

is an essential step in the preparation of all wood for use in packaging applications

Answer 57

Drying

Question 58

Dry wood is also less subject to attacks from

Answer 58

microorganisms

Question 59

Wood is _____ after the initial sawing operation

Answer 59

air dried

Question 60

The drying area should have

Answer 60

reasonable air movement unobstructed by trees or buildings and a ground surface that is free from debris and vegetation.

Question 61

A reduction from green to 20 percent MC can take anywhere from _____ for 1" thick material for air drying

Answer 61

20 to 300 days

Question 62

is done in a dosed chamber at an elevated temperature with controlled humidity and air circulation.

Answer 62

Kiln drying

Question 63

produces quicker reduction of moisture content to levels required, independent of weather conditions.

Answer 63

Kiln drying

Question 64

A reduction of MC from green to 16 percent can usually be accomplished in ______ for 1" thick material for kiln drying

Answer 64

2 to 50 days

Question 65

Plywood panels are manufactured by

Answer 65

gluing one or more veneers (thin sheets of wood) to surfaces of other veneers or a solid wood core.

Question 66

Usually, the total number of layers of plywood is

Answer 66

Odd (3, 5, 7)

Question 67

There are many types and thicknesses of plywood. Common types are

Answer 67

marine plywood, furniture grade plywood, and construction grade plywood.

Question 68

The use of the word "exterior" indicates that

Answer 68

glue has been used that will retain its bond even when wet.

Question 69

is a mixture of wood particles and chips mixed into a resinous carrier and cured in a mold.

Answer 69

Particleboard

Question 70

is similar to particleboard, but there are larger chips of wood in the mix.

Answer 70

Oriented strand board (OSB)

Question 71

Particleboard is used for

Answer 71

pallet decks and similar applications.

Question 72

The most common fastener is the

Answer 72

ordinary nail

Question 73

In the United States, the size of nails is frequently designated by the term

Answer 73

penny

Question 74

identifies a certain length and diameter of wire nail.

Answer 74

penny

Question 75

are widely used and provide a strong and efficient means of constructing cases, crates, and pallets

Answer 75

Staples, straps, metal edges, and wire binding

Question 76

An example of nonstructural construction is

Answer 76

attaching waterproof linings and cushioning material to the inside of a package for shipping industrial equipment.

Question 77

is used for wooden boxes, crates, barrels, and cases and for unitizing palletized loads.

Answer 77

Tension strapping

Question 78

There are three types of tension strapping.

Answer 78

Steel strapping Weftless strapping Thermoplastic strapping

Question 79

is usually flat, but may, in some cases, have a round or oval cross section.

Answer 79

Steel strapping

Question 80

is subject to corrosion, which weakens the material, but the effect is usually minimal because of the relatively short time that the strapping is in use

Answer 80

Steel strapping

Question 81

is made up of continuous strands of parallel laid, adhesive-bonded, high-tensile textile. This material is often provided in the form of tape.

Answer 81

Weftless strapping

Question 82

is made of flat strips of an appropriate plastic material, usually polypropylene. Straps are usually applied and tightened by semiautomatic or fully automatic equipment.

Answer 82

Thermoplastic strapping

Question 83

Wooden containers can be classified into two general types

Answer 83

shipping containers and consumer packages

Question 84

There are two basic pallet designs:

Answer 84

(1) stringer design and (2) block design

Question 85

is defined as a flat portable platform constructed to sustain a load and permit handling by mechanical equipment.

Answer 85

pallet

Question 86

is well-known source of wooden box designs

Answer 86

USFS (United States Forest Service)

Question 87

is probably the best-known example for wood can also be used to manufacture containers for the transport of liquids

Answer 87

wooden beer cask

Question 88

The beer cask is made by

Answer 88

the wet cooperage method. The cask is soaked after manufacture so that the wood in the staves swells up, sealing the cracks between the staves.

Question 89

A ____ is the name given to one of the arched vertical tapered boards or panels forming the walls or sides of a cask.

Answer 89

stave