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Packaging > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Wood is mainly used for packaging applications in the form of

A

crates, cases, wire-bound containers, pallets, and pallet boxes.

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2
Q

the single biggest use of wood in packaging is for

A

the manufacture of pallets.

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3
Q

pallets can be made of

A

plastic, steel, aluminum, and other materials, including corrugated board

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4
Q

was an early form of shipping container.

A

bilged cask

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5
Q

were used to handle liquid and dry products on trains and on ships and wagons

A

Casks

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6
Q

first modern shipping containers

A

wooden boxes and crates

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7
Q

primary packaging materials in most developing countries

A

wood

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8
Q

an indigenous raw material and is readily available.

A

wood

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9
Q

the major uses of wood can be classified as:

A

 Fuel
 Raw material for the manufacture of paper and paper products
 Raw material for the extraction of useful chemicals
 Structural and other applications that employ wood in its solid and largely unmodified state. Wood used for packaging applications is included in this last category.

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10
Q

The grain of wood results from

A

its fibrous structural formation in the tree.

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11
Q

Wood fibers are arranged in

A

concentric rings, parallel to the long (vertical) axis of a tree trunk

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12
Q

In compression and tension, wood is strongest ______ and weakest at ______

A

along the grain; right angles to the grain

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13
Q

In shear, wood is strongest at ______.

A

right angles to the grain

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14
Q

Wood may be cut and worked into various shapes with the aid of

A

simple hand tools or by power-driven machinery

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15
Q

Wood can be joined by means of ______

A

nails, screws, bolts, or other mechanical connectors

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16
Q

Decay and insect damage can be largely eliminated by

A

following sound methods of design and using properly seasoned wood.

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17
Q

Wood materials are not well suited for

A

high-speed mechanized packaging operations.

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18
Q

Wood is generally classified into two categories:

A

Softwood and Hardwood

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19
Q

The major use of softwood is

A

building construction

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20
Q

Examples of softwoods include

A

pine, fir, cedar, redwood

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21
Q

A major use of hardwood is

A

furniture manufacturing

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22
Q

Examples of hardwoods include

A

oak, maple, birch, walnut, cherry

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23
Q

In packaging, softwoods are used to make

A

crates and boxes

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24
Q

In packaging, hardwood is used to make

A

pallets, crates, boxes, barrels, and slats for wire-bound containers

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25
Q

refers to any irregularity or deviation from the qualities that make wood suitable for a particular purpose.

A

Defect

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26
Q

Defects can be separated into two categories:

A

(1) natural defects and
(2) defects due to seasoning and machining

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27
Q

are imperfections in the wood of living trees

A

Natural defects

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28
Q

arise from growth and environment.

A

Natural defects

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29
Q

occurs when the fiber alignment in a piece of wood is not parallel with
the longitudinal axis of the piece.

A

Cross grain

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30
Q

The irregular forms of cross grain

A

curly, wavy, or interlocked

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31
Q

reduce the tensile, compressive, and bending strengths of wood, as well as the stiffness.

A

The irregular forms of cross grain

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32
Q

is the base of a branch that is embedded in the wood of a tree trunk or of a larger limb or branch

A

knot

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33
Q

harder, more dense, often more resinous, and shrinks in a different manner than surrounding wood tissue.

A

knot

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34
Q

Sometimes increases the compression strength and shear strength of the wood

A

presence of sound, tight knots

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35
Q

there is a loss of bending strength associated with the grain distortion in the wood around the

A

knot

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36
Q

occurs when a tree produces greater growth on one side than the other.

A

Reaction wood

37
Q

Is related to the process of straightening trees that are leaning

A

Reaction wood

38
Q

are internal stresses that are created by a slight shrinkage in cell length at the end of the period of cell development.

A

Growth stresses

39
Q

is an abnormal condition that causes the wood to break suddenly arid completely across the grain at stress levels lower than expected.

A

Brashness

40
Q

The most objectionable feature of brash wood is

A

the sudden failure without previous warning, especially when shock loaded.

41
Q

Pieces of brash wood can be distinguished from normal wood of the same species by the

A

unusually light weight

42
Q

a consequence of a decrease in the amount of cell wall material.

A

unusually light weight,

43
Q

are those defects that appear in the wood after a tree is cut.

A

Defects due to seasoning and machining

44
Q

Defects due to seasoning and machining results from

A

changes in the moisture content of the wood or from improper machining

45
Q

are ruptures in wood, which develop along the grain during seasoning

A

Checks

46
Q

Checks develop because of:

A

(1) a difference in radial and tangential shrinkage, resulting in stresses of sufficient magnitude to cause the failure of the wood along the planes of greatest weakness;
(2) differences in shrinkage of the tissue and development of stresses of different magnitude in adjacent portions of the wood, occasioned by varying moisture content.

47
Q

is any distortion from the true plane that occurs in a piece of wood.

A

Warping

48
Q

principal types of warping are

A

bowing, crooking, cupping, twisting, and diamonding

49
Q

come loose during drying, because they are not physically attached to the surrounding wood.

A

Fallen knots

50
Q

The wood in the knot usually is more _____ than the surrounding wood.

A

dense

51
Q

is a roughened condition of the surface of dressed lumber in which the hard summerwood is raised above the softer springwood, but not torn from it.

A

Raised grain

52
Q

Deterioration of wood is caused by:

A

 Decomposition produced by physical agents, including heat or moisture
 Chemical decomposition
 Mechanical wear
 Activity of biological agents, such as fungi, bacteria, insects, and marine borers

53
Q

is the ratio of the mass of water in the material to a reference wood mass

A

Moisture content of wood

54
Q

Freshly cut (green) wood typically has a moisture content in the range of

A

30 to 60 percent

55
Q

Wood for packaging should be well seasoned, either by

A

air drying or kiln drying

56
Q

Well-seaoned wood should have moisture content of

A

around 15-20 percent

57
Q

is an essential step in the preparation of all wood for use in packaging applications

A

Drying

58
Q

Dry wood is also less subject to attacks from

A

microorganisms

59
Q

Wood is _____ after the initial sawing operation

A

air dried

60
Q

The drying area should have

A

reasonable air movement unobstructed by trees or buildings and a ground surface that is free from debris and vegetation.

61
Q

A reduction from green to 20 percent MC can take anywhere from _____ for 1” thick material for air drying

A

20 to 300 days

62
Q

is done in a dosed chamber at an elevated temperature with controlled humidity and air circulation.

A

Kiln drying

63
Q

produces quicker reduction of moisture content to levels required, independent of weather conditions.

A

Kiln drying

64
Q

A reduction of MC from green to 16 percent can usually be
accomplished in ______ for 1” thick material for kiln drying

A

2 to 50 days

65
Q

Plywood panels are manufactured by

A

gluing one or more veneers (thin sheets of wood) to surfaces of other veneers or a solid wood core.

66
Q

Usually, the total number of layers of plywood is

A

Odd (3, 5, 7)

67
Q

There are many types and thicknesses of plywood. Common types are

A

marine plywood, furniture grade plywood, and construction grade plywood.

68
Q

The use of the word “exterior” indicates that

A

glue has been used that will retain its bond even when wet.

69
Q

is a mixture of wood particles and chips mixed into a resinous carrier and cured in a mold.

A

Particleboard

70
Q

is similar to particleboard, but there are larger chips of wood in the mix.

A

Oriented strand board (OSB)

71
Q

Particleboard is used for

A

pallet decks and similar applications.

72
Q

The most common fastener is the

A

ordinary nail

73
Q

In the United States, the size of nails is frequently designated by the term

A

penny

74
Q

identifies a certain length and diameter of wire nail.

A

penny

75
Q

are widely used and provide a strong and efficient means of constructing cases, crates, and pallets

A

Staples, straps, metal edges, and wire binding

76
Q

An example of nonstructural construction is

A

attaching waterproof linings and cushioning material to the inside of a package for shipping industrial equipment.

77
Q

is used for wooden boxes, crates, barrels, and cases and for unitizing palletized loads.

A

Tension strapping

78
Q

There are three types of tension strapping.

A

Steel strapping
Weftless strapping
Thermoplastic strapping

79
Q

is usually flat, but may, in some cases, have a round or oval cross section.

A

Steel strapping

80
Q

is subject to corrosion, which weakens the material, but the effect is usually minimal because of the relatively short time that the strapping is in use

A

Steel strapping

81
Q

is made up of continuous strands of parallel laid, adhesive-bonded, high-tensile textile. This material is often provided in the form of tape.

A

Weftless strapping

82
Q

is made of flat strips of an appropriate plastic material, usually polypropylene. Straps are usually applied and tightened by semiautomatic or fully automatic equipment.

A

Thermoplastic strapping

83
Q

Wooden containers can be classified into two general types

A

shipping containers and consumer packages

84
Q

There are two basic pallet designs:

A

(1) stringer design and
(2) block design

85
Q

is defined as a flat portable platform constructed to sustain a load and permit handling by mechanical equipment.

A

pallet

86
Q

is well-known source of wooden box designs

A

USFS (United States Forest Service)

87
Q

is probably the best-known example for wood can also be used to manufacture containers for the transport of liquids

A

wooden beer cask

88
Q

The beer cask is made by

A

the wet cooperage method. The cask is soaked after manufacture so that the wood in the staves swells up, sealing the cracks between the staves.

89
Q

A ____ is the name given to one of the arched vertical tapered boards or panels forming the walls or sides of a cask.

A

stave

Packaging (12 decks)

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