Module 5

Question 1

The most important metals currently used in packaging are

Answer 1

steel, tin, and aluminum

Question 2

the first metal used for packaging

Answer 2

Gold

Question 3

was in use more than 1,000 years ago in areas as diverse as the Middle East, China, Korea, and Japan.

Answer 3

Bronze

Question 4

not used for packaging except as bearings, gears, and similar components of packaging machinery.

Answer 4

Bronze

Question 5

was widely used for packaging applications 300-500 years ago, and it was still in common use 50 years ago

Answer 5

Lead

Question 6

like gold, is a soft metal that is not subject to corrosion

Answer 6

Lead

Question 7

Lead foil applications

Answer 7

• was used to waterproof the wooden chests used to transport tea from Asia to the United States and Western Europe
• was for waterproofing cigarette packs during World War II.

Question 8

lead has one huge disadvantage:

Answer 8

Lead is toxic to the human brain and nervous system. The effects are particularly sever on children.

Question 9

is made from iron by purification, controlling the carbon content, and adding other materials to make alloys

Answer 9

Steel

Question 10

The steel used for packaging generally has a carbon content of

Answer 10

0.1-1.5 percent

Question 11

The most common form of steel packaging is

Answer 11

the ordinary three-piece metal can

Question 12

is the most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust, and the third most abundant element on earth, after oxygen and silicon.

Answer 12

Aluminum

Question 13

A confectioner (candy dealer) in Paris, successfully invented a “sealed cooking” process to preserve fruit.

Answer 13

In 1809, Nicholas Appert

Question 14

developed a process to make metal cans for canning food.

Answer 14

In 1810, Peter Durand, in England

Question 15

Two other Englishmen, ______, used Durand’s cans to develop the food canning process further

Answer 15

Donkin and Hall

Question 16

Tin-plated steel cans are often simply called

Answer 16

Tin cans

Question 17

The tin coating is only _____ thick

Answer 17

0.000015 inch

Question 18

The original method for applying tin

Answer 18

hot dipping the steel piece into molten tin

Question 19

The second method for applying tin, _______, allows more precise control of the deposition of tin onto the steel.

Answer 19

Electroplating

Question 20

Three types of tin-free steel have been developed in recent years:

Answer 20

1. Chemically passivated steel, which has a phosphatechromatefilm on the surface.
2. Chrome-coated steel with a layer of chromium oxide over the metallic chromium.
3. Aluminum-coated steel.

Question 21

The basic approach was to make the sidewalls thinner

Answer 21

Necking Down

Question 22

There are two types of cans in general use:

Answer 22

three-piece cans and two-piece cans

Question 23

A three-piece can consists of three parts

Answer 23

one cylindrical shell (can body) and two ends (top and
bottom)

Question 24

As the ends of the metal are brought together, an electrical current is applied to the joint to heat and fuse the ends of the metal together

Answer 24

Welding

Question 25

For some dry products and no-food products, the side seam can be cemented (glued) together

Answer 25

Adhesive

Question 26

the ends of the metal are bent into “hooks,” which engage each other. The hooks are then flattened to form the side seam

Answer 26

Solder

Question 27

A two-piece can, as the name implies, consists of two parts:

Answer 27

• One body • One top end

Question 28

The major advantage of two-piece cans is

Answer 28

the elimination of the side seam and one of the end seams

Question 29

The majority of two piece cans are made of

Answer 29

aluminum and used for beverage

Question 30

is used to make cans whose height is less than their diameter. Such cans are often used for tuna, chicken, pet food, and similar products.

Answer 30

The draw process

Question 31

is used almost exclusively to make cans for beer and other carbonated beverages. The internal pressure of the carbonated beverage gives the cans rigidity and stacking strength.

Answer 31

The draw and iron process

Question 32

In the ______, the gauge of the bottom and side wall of the finished container is essentially the same as the starting gauge of the metal sheet.

Answer 32

draw-redraw process

Question 33

is a thin sheet of metal, provided in sheets or rolls

Answer 33

Foil

Question 34

is considered to be the ultimate flexible packaging barrier material, far superior to any plastic or paper, where protection from moisture or oxygen is required.

Answer 34

Aluminum foil

Question 35

Aluminum foil is available in thickness ranging from

Answer 35

0.00017 in. to 0.0059 in.

Question 36

provides the attractive appearance of metal foil at a lower cost

Answer 36

Metalized film

Question 37

The straight-sided steel drum was first introduced in

Answer 37

1907

Question 38

Steel drums are made in two different styles

Answer 38

tight head and open head

Question 39

usually have two flanged, screw thread openings at opposite sides of the head of the drum, or one opening in the head and another in the middle of the body on the opposite side.

Answer 39

Tight head drums

Question 40

have a loose cover with a gasket that makes a tight seal against the rim of the drum.

Answer 40

Open head drums

Question 41

Metal tubes are usually made of

Answer 41

aluminum

Question 42

Its main advantage is that it stays pressed or “collapsed” when squeezed

Answer 42

Metal tubes

Question 43

are applied to cans and bottles to provide a means of closing and sealing the packaging and subsequently, a means of opening the package and dispensing the contents.

Answer 43

Metal closures

Question 44

There are several common types of metal closures

Answer 44

screw caps, vacuum closures, and foil lidding. A common closure is the crown cap used in soda bottles.

Question 45

is used to bind multiple items together into a larger unit load for handling.

Answer 45

Strapping

Question 46

Common applications of strapping

Answer 46

palletizing newly manufactured bottles or metal cans for shipment to the filling plant.