PSYC 337 > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are conduct problems often associated with socially?

A

Stigma, empathy vs. demonization, and juvenile delinquency

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2
Q

What is the difference between normative and pathological behavior?

A

Normative = typical for age/context; Pathological = persistent, impairing, and outside developmental norms

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3
Q

How is ODD defined?

A

A pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness lasting at least 6 months

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4
Q

How many symptoms are required for an ODD diagnosis?

A

At least 4 symptoms from defined categories

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5
Q

With whom must ODD symptoms be observed?

A

At least one individual who is not a sibling

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6
Q

What are the three main symptom categories of ODD?

A

Angry/Irritable Mood, Argumentative/Defiant Behavior, Vindictiveness

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7
Q

Name examples of Angry/Irritable Mood symptoms in ODD.

A

Often loses temper, easily annoyed, angry or resentful

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8
Q

Name examples of Argumentative/Defiant Behavior in ODD.

A

Argues with authority, defies rules, deliberately annoys others, blames others

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9
Q

What defines Vindictiveness in ODD?

A

Being spiteful or vindictive at least twice in the past 6 months

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10
Q

How is Conduct Disorder defined?

A

A repetitive and persistent pattern of violating others’ rights or major societal norms

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11
Q

How many symptoms are required for a CD diagnosis?

A

At least 3 of 15 symptoms in the past 12 months, with 1 in the past 6 months

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12
Q

What are the four main symptom categories of Conduct Disorder?

A

Aggression to People/Animals, Destruction of Property, Deceitfulness or Theft, Serious Violations of Rules

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13
Q

Give examples of Aggression to People and Animals.

A

Bullying, physical fights, weapon use, cruelty to people or animals, mugging, forced sexual activity

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14
Q

What are examples of Destruction of Property?

A

Fire-setting and deliberate property destruction

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15
Q

What are examples of Deceitfulness or Theft?

A

Breaking in, lying to con others, stealing valuable items

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16
Q

What are examples of Serious Violations of Rules?

A

Staying out late before age 13, running away

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17
Q

What defines childhood-onset Conduct Disorder?

A

At least one symptom appears before age 10

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18
Q

Characteristics of childhood-onset CD?

A

More common in boys, more aggressive, more illegal activity, persists over time

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19
Q

Characteristics of adolescent-onset CD?

A

Similar rates in boys and girls, less severe, less violence, less persistence

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20
Q

What is “Limited Prosocial Emotions” in CD?

A

A specifier indicating callous-unemotional traits

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21
Q

How many traits are required for Limited Prosocial Emotions?

A

At least 2

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22
Q

What are the traits of Limited Prosocial Emotions?

A

Lack of remorse, lack of empathy, lack of concern about performance, shallow affect

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23
Q

Are ODD and CD separate disorders?

A

Yes, but they are related

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24
Q

Do most children with CD have prior ODD?

A

No—nearly half do not

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25
Do most children with ODD develop CD?
No—most do not
26
Long-term outcomes for children with ODD?
~50% keep ODD, ~25% stop having conduct problems
27
Which disorder is more prevalent in childhood: ODD or CD?
ODD
28
How does prevalence of ODD and CD compare in adolescence?
They become roughly equal
29
Are prevalence rates of ODD and CD similar across Western cultures?
Yes
30
When do gender differences in conduct problems first appear?
Around ages 2–3
31
During childhood, how much higher are conduct problem rates in boys?
About 2–4 times higher than girls
32
How do boys differ from girls in age of onset and persistence?
Boys have earlier onset and greater persistence
33
Early conduct problem symptoms more common in boys?
Physical aggression and theft
34
Early conduct problem symptoms more common in girls?
Sexual misbehaviors
35
What does “general progression” of conduct problems refer to?
Worsening and persistence of antisocial behavior over time
36
What adult disorder are children with CD at risk for developing?
Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)
37
What characterizes Antisocial Personality Disorder?
Pervasive disregard for and violation of others’ rights and repeated illegal behavior
38
Approximately what percentage of children with CD develop ASPD later?
Up to 40%
39
Which subgroup of children with CD has the poorest long-term outcomes?
Those with callous-unemotional (CU) traits
40
What interpersonal style is associated with CU traits?
Callous, unemotional, lack of empathy
41
What types of studies show genetic influence in conduct problems?
Twin and adoption studies
42
How can genetic risk contribute to conduct problems?
Through multiple pathways (heritable and non-heritable)
43
What early biological factors increase risk for conduct problems?
Prenatal factors and birth complications
44
What behavioral systems are implicated in conduct problems?
Overactive BAS and underactive BIS
45
What does an overactive BAS lead to?
Increased reward-seeking and impulsivity
46
What does an underactive BIS lead to?
Reduced fear, punishment sensitivity, and inhibition
47
What stress-related issue is linked to conduct problems?
Variations in stress-regulating mechanisms
48
Which brain regions show abnormalities in conduct problems?
Amygdala, insula, prefrontal cortex, posterior and anterior cingulate cortex
49
What is a key social-cognitive problem in aggressive children?
Biased processing of social information
50
Step 1 in aggressive children’s thinking?
Encoding – use fewer social cues
51
Step 2 in aggressive children’s thinking?
Interpretation – hostile attribution bias
52
Step 3 in aggressive children’s thinking?
Response search – fewer and more aggressive options
53
Step 4 in aggressive children’s thinking?
Response decision – choose aggressive solutions
54
Step 5 in aggressive children’s behavior?
Enactment – poor verbal skills, physical aggression
55
What does “reciprocal influence” mean in family factors?
Child and parent behaviors influence each other
56
What is the amplifier hypothesis?
Small behavior problems escalate through negative parent-child interactions
57
How do attachment theories explain conduct problems?
Insecure attachment contributes to emotional and behavioral dysregulation
58
What is coercion theory?
Aggressive behavior is reinforced when it helps the child escape demands
59
In Scott’s case, what reinforces his behavior?
Parent gives in to stop conflict
60
What theory links environment to conduct problems?
Social disorganization theory
61
How do neighborhoods and schools affect conduct problems?
Through exposure to stress, violence, and limited resources
62
What role can media play in conduct problems?
Modeling and reinforcing aggressive behavior
63
How does culture influence conduct problems?
Through socialization of aggression
64
Which treatments are generally ineffective for conduct problems?
Office-based individual counseling
65
What treatments are typically ineffective in CD?
Restrictive approaches (residential treatment, inpatient hospitalization, incarceration)
66
What is Parent Management Training (PMT)?
A treatment that teaches parents skills to manage and improve child behavior.
67
What three skills do parents learn in PMT?
Effective discipline, reinforcement of positive behavior, and consistent monitoring/supervision.
68
How is PMT administered?
Therapists coach and train parents directly rather than treating the child alone.
69
Who is PMT most effective for?
Younger children with conduct problems.
70
Why might parents resist PMT?
Feel blamed Think child is the problem, not parenting Requires effort and consistency
71
What is Problem-Solving Skills Training (PSST)?
A therapy that teaches children how to think before acting and solve social problems appropriately.
72
What is Multisystemic Therapy (MST)?
An intensive family- and community-based treatment.
73
What is the main goal of MST?
Empower caregivers to improve youth and family functioning.
74
What major outcome does MST improve?
Reduces long-term criminal behavior.
75
What is the Incredible Years program?
An intensive early-intervention program for parents and teachers.
PSYC 337
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