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Apologia Biology Study Guide > Module #5 > Flashcards

Module #5 Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

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2
Q

Model

A

An explanation or representation of something that cannot be seen.

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3
Q

Element

A

A collection of atoms that all have the same number of protons.

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4
Q

Molecules

A

Chemicals that result from atoms linking together.

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5
Q

Physical change

A

A change that affects the appearance but not the chemical makeup of a substance.

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6
Q

Chemical change

A

A change that alters the makeup of the elements or molecules of a substance.

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7
Q

Phase

A

One of three forms - Solid, liquid, or gas - which every substance is capable of attaining.

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8
Q

Diffusion

A

The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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9
Q

Concentration

A

A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent.

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10
Q

Semipermeable membrane

A

A membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through.

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11
Q

Osmosis

A

The tendency of a solvent to travel across a semipermeable membrane into areas of higher solute concentration.

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12
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that alters the speed of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the process.

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13
Q

Organic molecule

A

A molecule that contains only carbon and any of the following: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and/or phosphorous.

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14
Q

Biosynthesis

A

The process by which living organisms produce larger molecules from smaller ones.

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15
Q

Isomers

A

Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula.

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16
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple carbohydrates that contain 3 to 10 carbon atoms.

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17
Q

Disaccharides

A

Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosacchardies.

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18
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides.

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19
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water.

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20
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water.

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21
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Lacking any affinity to water.

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22
Q

Saturated fat

A

A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms.

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23
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.

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24
Q

Peptide bond

A

A bond that links amino acids together in a protein.

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25
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

A strong attraction between hydrogen atoms and certain other atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) in specific molecules.

26
Q

Describe where the protons, neutrons, and electrons are in an atom.

A

Protons and neutrons cluster together at the center forming the nucleus. Electrons orbit around the nucleus.

27
Q

What determines the vast majority of characteristics in an atom?

A

The number of electrons in an atom.

28
Q

What does the number after an atom’s name signify?

A

The sum of protons and neutrons in the atom’s nucleus.

29
Q

What is the difference between an element and an atom?

A

An element contains all atoms that have the same number of protons. An atoms is a single entity, determined by the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons.

30
Q

How many electrons are in an atom that has 32 protons?

A

32 electrons.

31
Q

How many atoms (total) are in a molecule of C3H8O? What atoms are present and how many of each atom?

A

12 atoms total: 3 Carbon, 8 Hydrogen, 1 Oxygen.

32
Q

Atom, element, or molecule: H2CO3

A

Molecule.

33
Q

Atom, element, or molecule: Nitrogen-14

A

Atom.

34
Q

Atom, element, or molecule: P

A

Element.

35
Q

If you add energy to the molecules of a liquid, will it turn into a gas or a solid?

A

The liquid will into a gas.

36
Q

A chemist wants to study diffusion. Should a semipermeable membrane be used?

A

No.

37
Q

Two solutions of different solute concentration are separated by a membrane. After a while, the water levels of the two solutions change. Has osmosis or diffusion taken place? What kinds of membrane is being used?

A

Osmosis. A semipermeable membrane.

38
Q

What are the reactants in the chemical reaction: N2 + 3H2 = 2NH3

A

N2 and H2.

39
Q

What are the products in the chemical reaction: N2 + 3H2 = 2NH3

A

NH3.

40
Q

How many molecules of H2 are used in the chemical reaction: N2 + 3H2 = 2NH3

A

3.

41
Q

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? What 4 things are necessary fro a plant to carry out photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O = C6 H12 O6 + 6O2

CO2, H2O, Sunlight, and a catalyst like chlorophyll.

42
Q

Other than using a catalyst, how can a reaction be sped up?

A

Increasing temperature.

43
Q

Which of the following is a carbohydrate? NH3 CO2 C2 H4 O C5 H10 O5 C3 H8 O3

A

C5 H10 O5

44
Q

What kinds of reaction is used for building disaccharides ,polysaccharides, fats, and proteins? What kind of reaction can break these substances down?

A

Dehydration reactions build up these molecules and hydrolysis reactions can break them down.

45
Q

Describe the pH scale and what it measures.

A

The pH scale tracks the level of acid and alkaline. 7 is neutral. Lower than 7 = acidic. Higher than 7 = alkaline.

46
Q

What are the basic building blocks of proteins, lipids, and ploysaccharides.

A

Proteins - amino acids. Lipids - fatty acids and glycerol. Polysaccharides - monosaccharides.

47
Q

If two proteins contain the same type and number of amino acids, but the order in which they link up is different, are the properties of the two proteins the same?

A

No.

48
Q

What is the “lock and key” theory of enzyme action?

A

An enzyme has an active site that is sped especially for the molecules that it must work on. The action that the enzyme takes cannot happen until the molecule attaches to that active site.

49
Q

What are the basic parts of a nucleotide.

A

Phosphate group, the sugar, and the base.

50
Q

How does DNA store information?

A

DNA stores information as a sequence of nucleotide bases.

51
Q

What holds the two helixes in a DNA molecule together?

A

Hydrogen bonds between the nucleotide bases.

52
Q

What are enzymes, and for what purpose are they usually used?

A

Enzymes are a special class of proteins that are used as catalysts.

53
Q

What structure do most organic molecules have?

A

A ring structure.

54
Q

What are the basic building blocks of matter?

A

Atoms.

55
Q

Can two helix strands of DNA unravel?

A

Yes.

56
Q

Name the three phases of matter.

A

Gas, liquid, and solid.

57
Q

Name the three things that make up an atom.

A

Protons, neutrons, and electrons.

58
Q

What is the charge of an electron?

A

Negative.

59
Q

True or false: a molecule can have more than one structural formula.

A

True.

60
Q

True or false: two different molecules can have the same chemical formula.

A

True.

61
Q

Two different molecules with the same chemical formula are called:

A

Isomers.

Apologia Biology Study Guide (3 decks)

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