Module 6: Diet and CVD

Question 1

_____________ acids are the building blocks of lipids.

Answer 1

Fatty

Question 2

____________ is a glycerol molecule that has 3 FAs attached to it.

Answer 2

Triglyceride

Question 3

__________ fat has SINGLE bonds between the carbon atoms.

Answer 3

Saturated

Question 4

_____________ fat have 1 or more DOUBLE bonds between the carbon atoms.

Answer 4

Unsaturated

Question 5

A _________________ fatty acid has 1 DOUBLE bond between the carbon atoms.

Answer 5

Monounsaturated

Question 6

A _______________ fatty acid has 2 OR MORE DOUBLE BONDS between the carbon atoms.

Answer 6

polyunsaturated

Question 7

T/F: It is best to limit saturated fat in the diet.

Answer 7

T

Question 8

What are the 4 types of saturated fatty acids (SFAs)?

Answer 8

• Myristic
• Palmitic
• Lauric
• Stearic

Question 9

____________ fatty acids tend to promote the formation of fatty plaques in the arteries.

Answer 9

Atherogenic

Question 10

Which SFAs are more atherogenic?

Answer 10

myristic and palmitic

Question 11

___________ SFA is found in butterfat, coconut, and palm oil.

Answer 11

Myristic

Question 12

________ SFA is found in meats, butter, dairy, and palm oil.

Answer 12

Palmitic

Question 13

____________ SFA is found in coconut oil.

Answer 13

Lauric

Question 14

_____________ SFA is found in meats and chocolate.

Answer 14

Stearic

Question 15

_________ and ___________ SFAs contribute to inflammation, elevated lipids, and atherogenesis.

Answer 15

Myristic, palmitic

Question 16

T/F: Most of the fats in foods we consume in our diet are LCFAs (long-chain fatty acids).

Answer 16

T

Question 17

Long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) have ______ or more carbons in the hydrocarbon chain.

Answer 17

18

Question 18

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) have ______ or fewer carbons in the hydrocarbon chain.

Answer 18

12

Question 19

Lauric acid is a:

a. SCFA
b. MCFA
c. LCFA

Answer 19

b. MFCA

Question 20

___________ ___________ _______ (PUFAs) are thought to DECREASE serum cholesterol.

Answer 20

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

Question 21

__________ acid is the predominant PUFA that’s consumed in the American diet.

Answer 21

Linoleic

Question 22

T/F: Omega-6 is a linoleic acid that’s essential to our diet.

Answer 22

T

Question 23

What are the sources of Omega-6’s?

Answer 23

vegetable oils

Question 24

T/F: Excessive Omega-6’s is very heart healthy.

Answer 24

F (it is heart unhealthy)

Question 25

___________ PUFAs are the most effective FA for lowering TG's.

Answer 25

Omega-3's

Question 26

T/F: Omega-3's have anti-inflammatory properties and are the most cardioprotective.

Answer 26

T

Question 27

EPA and DHA are found in which Omega PUFA?

Answer 27

Omega-3's

Question 28

Sources of _________ and ________ are fatty-cold water fish (i.e. salmon, mackerel, herring, trout and albacore tuna), fish oils and capsules.

Answer 28

EPA, DHA

Question 29

What are the AHA recommendations for fatty fish per week?

Answer 29

two 3.5 oz servings

Question 30

What are the sources of alpha-linoleic acid?

Answer 30

flaxseed and walnuts

Question 31

T/F: Alpha-linoleic acid is an Omega-3 FA and is essential and cardioprotective.

Answer 31

T

Question 32

MUFA stands for what?

Answer 32

monounsaturated fatty acid

Question 33

T/F: Replacing SFA with MUFA is thought to INCREASE total cholesterol, LDL and TG

Answer 33

F (it decreases)

Question 34

Nuts, olives, avocado, peanut, olive and canola oils are sources of which FA?

Answer 34

MUFA

Question 35

What is the predominant source of trans fat?

Answer 35

partially hydrogenated oils

Question 36

________ fat INCREASE cholesterols and LDL, and DECREASE HDL.

Answer 36

Trans

Question 37

T/F: For most people, dietary cholesterol doesn't drive blood levels of cholesterol as much as saturated fat.

Answer 37

T

Question 38

Plant _______ and ________ are naturally present in many fruits, veggies, whole grains, nuts, and seeds.

Answer 38

stanols, sterols

Question 39

Plant stanols and sterols consumption may significantly __________ serum cholesterol.

Answer 39

lower

Question 40

Plant stanols and sterols ________ dietary cholesterol in the SI. This increases the expression of ________ receptors on the surface of liver cells, which facilitate LDL uptake by the ________, reducing levels of LDL cholesterol.

Answer 40

inhibit, LDL, liver

Question 41

Does soluble or insoluble fiber have the most direct effect on blood lipids?

Answer 41

soluble

Question 42

________ fiber promotes the excretion of cholesterol, which decreases total cholesterol levels.

Answer 42

Soluble

Question 43

What are the sources of soluble fiber?

Answer 43

pectins & gums (fruits & veggies), psyllium, oat bran, beans, legumes, peas

Question 44

_________ fiber are thought to have NO direct effect on serum cholesterol.

Answer 44

Insoluble

Question 45

What is the recommendation of fiber intake per day for children and adults?

Answer 45

14g per 1000 kcals

Question 46

T/F: Alcohol is cardioprotective in small doses.

Answer 46

T

Question 47

Dietary intake of ____________ vitamins and carotenoids are inversely related to CHD risk.

Answer 47

antioxidant

Question 48

____________ are found in tea, onions, red wine, red grape juice, tomatoes, grapefruit, soy, etc. and appear to have beneficial antioxidant effects.

Answer 48

Flavonoids

Question 49

High levels of circulating homocysteine are associated with _______.

Answer 49

CVD

Question 50

Folic acid, and B vitamins _____ and _____ DECREASE homocysteine levels.

Answer 50

6, 12

Question 51

Smoking ______ the incidence and mortality of CVD, ______ HDL, _________ BP, and damages endothelial lining of arterial walls.

Answer 51

increases, decreases, increases

Question 52

Familial hypercholesterolemia is a single ______ disorder, resulting from a mutation/defect in the gene that codes for the ____ receptor protein.

Answer 52

gene, LDL

Question 53

The cholesterol medicine _______ __________ sequestrants (cholestyramine) bind up bile salts int he GI tract, preventing them from being reabsorbed in the lower bowel.

Answer 53

bile acid

Question 54

The cholesterol medicine __________ _____ (form of niacin) is found in food, but also prescribed at high doses for cardiovascular protection. It _______ LDL and __________ HDL cholesterol.

Answer 54

nicotinic acid, decreases, increases

Question 55

The cholesterol medicine ___________ (evolocumab) - PCSK9 Inhibitor is a biologic medicine given by _____________. It works by __________ the breakdown of LDL receptors on the cell surface.

Answer 55

Repatha, injection, inhibiting

Question 56

The cholesterol medicine ___________ (fibric acid derivatives - i.e. Gemifibrozil (Lopid) and Fenofibrate (Tricor)) __________ the production of TGs and ______ HDL cholesterol. It should be taken with food.

Answer 56

fibrates, decrease, increase

Question 57

The cholesterol medicine/drug HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors AKA "_________" (i.e. Simvastatin, Lovastatin). are the MOST prescribed lipid-lowering agent. They work by inhibiting the enzyme ______________ and ______________ cholesterol synthesis in the ________.

Answer 57

statins, HMG-CoA reductase, blocking, liver

Question 58

(PTCA) percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty AKA percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a medical intervention where a _______ is inflated within the ________ artery to break up plaque.

Answer 58

balloon, coronary

Question 59

(CABG) - Coronary artery bypass graft is when a vein from the leg or artery from the chest is used to _______ a resection of ____________ vessels around an occlusion and basically create a NEW coronary artery.

Answer 59

graft, coronary

Question 60

_______ and ___________ are the foundation of treatment for CVD.

Answer 60

Diet, lifestyle