Module 2: Absorption

Question 1

Digestion primarily occurs by __________.

Answer 1

enzymes

Question 2

What are the appendage organs?

Answer 2

pancreas, liver, and biliary tree

Question 3

Chewing is an example of ___________ digestion.

Answer 3

mechanical

Question 4

Starch/CHO breakdown in the mouth by enzymes is an example of ____________ digestion.

Answer 4

chemical

Question 5

T/F: Minimal FAT digestion occurs in the mouth from the enzyme lingual lipase.

Answer 5

T

Question 6

__________ is a salivary amylase (enzyme) that begins _________ breakdown in the mouth.

Answer 6

Ptyalin, starch

Question 7

Deglutition is the process of ____________.

Answer 7

swallowing

Question 8

______________ moves bolus to the stomach.

Answer 8

Peristalsis

Question 9

In the stomach, wavelike contraction mix food with __________ secretions: __________, HCl, intrinsic factor, pepsinogen, _________ lipase, and mucus.

Answer 9

gastric, gastrin, gastric

Question 10

Food in the stomach signals the release of the hormone _________ (from the stomach mucosa).

Answer 10

gastrin

Question 11

Gastrin stimulates ________ cells to secrete __________ acid (HCl). Food mixes with HCl allowing PROs to be denatured.

Answer 11

parietal, hydrochloric

Question 12

Parietal cells secrete _______ factor (a glycoprotein).

Answer 12

intrinsic

Question 13

Intrinsic factor is important for vitamin B ________ absorption in the SI.

Answer 13

12

Question 14

_______ cells in the stomach secrete pepsinogen and ______ lipase.

Answer 14

Chief, gastric

Question 15

Pepsinogen is a ____________ that’s activated by HCl to active enzyme __________.

Answer 15

zymogen, pepsin

Question 16

T/F: Very little FAT digestion occurs in the stomach.

Answer 16

T

Question 17

________ control flow of material in and out of the stomach.

Answer 17

Sphincters

Question 18

The _______ esophageal sphincter is closed except when swallowing.

Answer 18

upper

Question 19

The _________ esophageal sphincter (LES) closes the entrance to the stomach.

Answer 19

lower

Question 20

Which esophageal sphincter prevents reflux of acid chyme back into the esophagus?

Lower or upper??

Answer 20

lower (LES)

Question 21

Alcohol, fat, peppermint, spearmint, chocolate & caffeine all __________ LES pressure which causes the sphincter to relax.

Answer 21

lowers/decreases

Question 22

The ____________ (pyloric valve) prevents reflux of SI back into the stomach.

Answer 22

pylorus

Question 23

T/F: Sphincters can be excessively stimulated by stress, causing spasm and possible pain.

Answer 23

T

Question 24

Most chemical digestion and absorption occur in the what?

Answer 24

Small intestine

Question 25

The brush border is composed of ___________.

Answer 25

Microvilli

Question 26

What part of the small intestine is where chemical digestion starts? a) duodenum b) jejunum c) ileum

Answer 26

a) duodenum

Question 27

What part(s) of the small intestine are primarily absorptive? a) duodenum b) jejunum c) ileum

Answer 27

b) jejunum c) ileum

Question 28

The _________ is a glandular organ that secretes __________ enzymes into the SI.

Answer 28

pancreas, digestive

Question 29

The _________ produces bile, which is stored in the gallbladder.

Answer 29

bile

Question 30

The ____________ releases bile into the SI to aid ______ digestion.

Answer 30

gallbladder, fat

Question 31

What part of the small intestine is the principal site of absorption of nutrients? a) ileum b) duodenum c) jejunum

Answer 31

c) jejunum

Question 32

T/F: The SI has a small surface area for absorption.

Answer 32

F - large surface area

Question 33

_______ are fingerlike projections of the SI mucosa.

Answer 33

Villi

Question 34

_____________ are tiny projections of the plasma membrane that form the "brush border" of the SI.

Answer 34

Microvilli

Question 35

This is when BILE SALTS are REABSORBED & returned to the liver to be RECYCLED again into more BILE. ________________ Circulation

Answer 35

Enterohepatic

Question 36

This is the sphincter between the small and large intestines. ____________ valve

Answer 36

ileocecal

Question 37

___________ diffusion is driven by a concentration gradient, and molecules flow back & forth to maintain osmotic equivalency on either side.

Answer 37

Simple

Question 38

___________ diffusion involves a carrier protein as a vehicle to move molecules too large to diffuse easily.

Answer 38

Facilitated

Question 39

Active transport is requires ____________ (ATP) to move nutrients across the membrane with a carrier protein.

Answer 39

energy

Question 40

The roles of the large intestine are to: - Absorb the remaining water and _____________ - Colonic salvage - Removal of solid ___________

Answer 40

electrolytes, waste

Question 41

The large intestine synthesizes what vitamins?

Answer 41

vitamin K, B12, thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2)

Question 42

The _______ colon in the large intestine is where most _____________ of non-digestible CHO occurs.

Answer 42

ascending, fermentation

Question 43

The gut microbiota contains _____________ bacteria and other microbes naturally occurring in the large intestine

Answer 43

symbiotic

Question 44

_____________ are LIVE microorganisms that are intended to have health benefits.

Answer 44

Probiotics

Question 45

Prebiotics = ________ like inulin or FOS that aren't digested but fermented by the bacteria.

Answer 45

CHO

Question 46

______________ are functional food that would provide both PRO and PREbiotic benefits.

Answer 46

Synbiotic

Question 47

"_____" cells in the stomach secrete gastrin which stimulates gastric secretions and motility.

Answer 47

g

Question 48

Cells in the proximal SI release ___________.

Answer 48

secretin

Question 49

Secretin stimulates the _____________ to release ____________ - rich fluid and water into the duodenum.

Answer 49

pancreas, bicarbonate

Question 50

In response to the presence of HCl and food (esp fat), the SI releases __________________ (CCK).

Answer 50

cholecystokinin

Question 51

CCK stimulates ____________ enzyme release.

Answer 51

pancreatic

Question 52

T/F: CCK increases satiety.

Answer 52

T

Question 53

CCK causes the ____________ to contract.

Answer 53

gallbladder

Question 54

In response to bile and pancreatic secretions, cells in the upper SI release ___________.

Answer 54

motilin

Question 55

Motilin increases gastric emptying and stimulates gut __________.

Answer 55

motility

Question 56

Somatostatin is abundant in the GI tract but decreases GI ______________ and inhibits secretion of other GI hormones.

Answer 56

motility